The review is devoted to the relevance of Constitutionology, it is one of the directions of a new scientific discipline of Medical Anthropology. The concept of constitution is characterized and the stages of its formation as a scientific direction are highlighted. The author highlights that the beginning of the twentieth century is a special period in the development of domestic Constitutionology associated with the creation of a wide network of anthropological centers in the system of Academies of sciences of the Union republics and university societies, which contributed to the expansion of the anthropological research. The activity of the centers of that period made it possible to collect a considerable amount of information reflected in monographic publications and articles that helped to give a fairly complete somatological survey of the peoples of the Soviet Union. The author considers historical materials of the indicated period devoted to the study of Anthropology and the state of health of the Adyghs. The research was conducted in 1928. The expedition was headed by professor K.R. Miram, head of the Department of General Pathology and Pathological Physiology of the North Caucasus State University. Doctor A.Kh. Bzhasso was appointed deputy head, the expedition was attended by highly qualified doctors from Krasnodar and Rostov. Attention is drawn to the scientific value of the presented materials and the need for periodic repetition of this kind of research, which makes it possible to assess and control changes in the state of health of the population and identify risk groups.