Abstract. Relevance. Agriculture plays a unique role in the livelihood of any society. Modern reforms in the agricultural sector require workers of a new type, i.e. economically literate, comprehensively educated, professionally trained, and proactive. In this context, the experience of one of the regions of the Russian Federation, Dagestan, in staffing the agricultural sector, which has contributed to the qualitative renewal of its employees, is of particular value. For the first time, an attempt has been made to show the effective development of the human resources potential of agricultural production in the Republic on the basis of modernization of the material and technical base.

The problem statement. The article examines the influence of transformation of agricultural labor into a kind of industrial labor on changes in the social and occupational structure of agricultural production workers in Dagestan. It has been noted that these changes also have contributed to an increase in the standard of living of farmers. The goal of the research is to identify the factors that have caused changes in professional qualification groups in state farm and collective farm production, to show the convergence of wages of collective farmers, workers and employees with industrial and production personnel. The research methods used are scientific objectivity and historicism, comparative historical, logical, statistical ones, which allowed us to recreate the scientific picture of the topic under consideration. It has been concluded that industrialization of agriculture has contributed to changes in the nature of labor, bringing it closer to the level of industry in terms of technical equipment and production organization. As a result, there is a convergence in the wages of agricultural workers to industrial and production personnel, which leads to the growth of their incomes. 

Abstract. The relevance. The Caucasus is one of the richest world centers of origin: more than 260 species of 37 genera of wild fruit and berry plants grow here. Such diversity has served as the basis for the widespread development of horticulture. In the scientific literature it is noted that horticulture in this region is over 3000 years old. The abundance of species and forms of pear has contributed to the creation of an original local assortment of this valuable crop, distinguished by its originality in various environmental conditions. Many local varieties of pear have not only economic and scientific value, but are also a historical heritage of our country.

The problem of the research is that many varieties of Caucasian pear are currently little known, preserved in the collections of scientific institutions and in amateur gardening. The goal is to study the process of the emergence of local varieties of pear and the development of horticulture in the Caucasus. The research methods used are general scientific ones (analysis, comparison, generalization, synthesis), source study and historical-comparative methods.

The results of the research: historical aspects of the creation of a pear assortment in various regions of the Caucasus have been considered, the importance of preserving the gene pool of local pear varieties for practical use and as an object for students' research activities and educational work has been substantiated

Key conclusions: an appeal to the historical experience of creating and developing gardens will help to replenish data on the regional history of pear cultivation and use them in the work to identify, preserve and use old Circassian varieties.

Abstract. The article considers the process of formation and development of schooling in the Crimean ASSR in 1920s. Documents from the funds of the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea, such as R-1551, R-1622, R-3912 and materials from the periodical press of the 1920s, introduced for the first time into scientific circulation have been used. The attention of readers is drawn to the creation of Naroobraz, analyzes policies in the field of school education, as well as the features of public education of individual national minorities of the Crimean Peninsula. Research in this area will help to analyze state policy in the field of education in the Crimean ASSR, including new methodological approaches and programs, financing and the relationship between the authorities and the pedagogical intelligentsia.

The problem: the author focuses on the formation of the public education system of the Crimean ASSR, in particular, on such aspects as the elimination of illiteracy, overcoming the consequences of famine, creating a new school network, the formation of the Soviet pedagogical intelligentsia, as well as national policy in the field of public education.

The goal of the research is to study and analyze the process of formation and development of the school education system in the Crimean ASSR in the 1920s.

The research methods used are source study, comparative historical, historical-genetic and retrospective methods.

Judging by the stated goal, the author implements the following tasks in the article:

- to study the historiography and source base of the researched topic;

- to analyze the transformations of the new education system of the Bolsheviks of the Crimean ASSR in comparison with the pre-revolutionary one;

 - to determine the role and significance of Naroobraz in the development of the school system;

 - to highlight the main directions of the national policy in the field of education.

Key conclusions. During the research, previously unpublished documents on the formation and development of the school education system of the Crimean ASSR have been identified, historiography has been analyzed, transformation of methodological approaches in school education in comparison with the pre-revolutionary period has been studied, the role of Naroobraz in the formation of the school network has been determined, and the features of school education in the context of the national policy of the Bolsheviks in the Crimean ASSR have been identified.

Abstract. The relevance. Military conflicts accompany all periods of human development, and the obtained results can be rethought and transferred to the present day, taking into account existing realities. Within the framework of military-historical anthropology, the value of the quality of the organization of army life is determined by the fact that it largely formed the degree of psychological stability of participants in military operations. The goals of the research include identifying the main problems of the sanitary and hygienic conditions of the active army, their causes, as well as analyzing measures aimed at improving it.

The problem of the research is to identify the degree of effectiveness of the sanitary and hygienic service in military field conditions.

The purpose of the research is to analyze the organization of sanitary and hygienic life of military servants of the Russian army during the First World War.

The methodological basis of the research is based on general scientific methods of synthesis, analysis, generalization and systematization. In accordance with the principles of historicism and objectivity, the authors make extensive use of specialized periodicals from the war period, orders of the command, sources of both memoir origin reflecting the impressions of more educated strata of society, and sources capturing the experience of ordinary soldiers. This approach allows for a comprehensive assessment of the readiness to organize the fight against infectious diseases.

Key findings. The results of the study present the results of the analysis of the measures taken to implement sanitary and hygienic measures to combat infectious diseases in the army environment during the studied period, and conclusions have been made about their effectiveness. 

Abstract. The relevance. Due to the unflagging interest to the history of artistic culture of the peoples of the Russian Federation historical and gender aspects of the development of multinational Dagestani poetry in 1970-1980s have been covered in the article. The principles of historicism and scientific objectivity, traditional methods of historical research and interdisciplinary research methods, including literary studies have been considered. The investigated period, on the one hand, was characterized by further centralization of governance in the country and strengthening of ideological control over the sphere of culture and its important branch – literature, on the other hand, the emergence of new ideological guidelines associated with the beginning of «perestroika». The scientific novelty of the research consists in the gender approach to interpreting the content of poetic works of Dagestani writers in the context of the Russian historical and literary process in the studied twenty years, in the characteristics of the works of Dagestani poets from the standpoint of reflecting in them themes of women, as well as themes of love, family traditions and values, education of the younger generation in the spirit of love for the Motherland. The authors have summarized the data on the gender composition of the creative collective of poets of Dagestan, taking into account national representation, drew conclusions about the increasing contribution of Dagestani poetesses to the development of poetry of the multinational region, characterized the prospects and scope of application of the research results.

Abstract. The relevance. The problem of choosing teaching methods has always caused many difficulties. Currently, pedagogical science has accumulated a fairly large arsenal of pedagogical techniques and methods, and in recent years, the digital transformation of the entire education system has become relevant. In these conditions, the organization of students' educational activities, the choice of effective teaching methods becomes a rather difficult task for a teacher.

The most important component of the education of a modern primary school teacher is his/her subject competence, which includes mathematical competence. Mathematical training of future primary school teachers involves formation of functional mathematical literacy of students and includes a deep knowledge of the theoretical foundations of the basic course of Mathematics, the ability to apply them in practical activities. Despite the existing fairly large number of publications, it is difficult to find studies reflecting a harmonious combination of traditional and digital technologies in the subject (in particular, mathematical) training of future primary school teachers, which allows us to talk about the relevance of this topic.

The problem of the research is to identify the most effective pedagogical methods and technologies and digitalization of the educational process in the context of blended learning of Mathematics for future primary school teachers. The fundamental task is to study the educational process of primary general education in the context of digitalization, both of the entire life of society and of education, to describe possible models of organizing the educational process and correcting the content of education, taking into account the requirements put forward by digitalization.

The goal of the research is to show the need for a competent combination of traditional and innovative technologies and methods of teaching Mathematics to future primary school teachers in the new conditions of digital transformation of education.

The research methods used are analysis of literature on the topic of the research, observation, generalization of the experience of applying various pedagogical technologies and methods in the educational activities of students – future primary school teachers. General logical methods of scientific research have been used.

The research results and conclusions: regulatory documents have been analyzed and summarized, application of modern technologies, including digitalization of educational activities have been studied, and a model of the process of teaching mathematics to future primary school teachers has been presented. The research has revealed the need to develop teaching aids in traditional and digital form for the implementation of this model in the educational process. 

Abstract. Science is a powerful stimulating factor in the improvement of the quality of life. The key scientific sectors include scientific activities of university students. Involving students in scientific work is an important part of the educational strategy of modern universities. Close integration of theoretical and practical training creates conditions for effective professional activity in the future. However, approaches to the formation of an individual cognitive style of students in the course of professional training have not yet been fully researched. Therefore, the problem of this research can be formulated as follows: what are the problems of organizing the scientific activities of students at a classical university and ways to solve them?

The goal of the research is to identify the problems of organizing scientific activities of students at a classical university and suggest ways to solve them. The research method used are analysis, synthesis, generalization, survey, description. The research results are the following: the importance of involving students in scientific work has been substantiated; the degree of formation of students' research skills and the level of organization of students’ scientific work at a university have been experimentally revealed; the problems of scientific work of students at a classical university have been identified and ways to solve them have been proposed.

Key findings: students' scientific work is considered among the main factors in the quality of training future personnel; it is implemented in two forms – educational research work provided for by the curriculum, and research activities outside the academic disciplines; low research activity of students, weak motivation for research work and other problems have been identified; ways to solve the identified problems in the context of improving the formation of the research development environment of the classical university have been substantiated. 

Abstract. In the context of a unilateral military operation, military training and patriotic upbringing of university youth becomes relevant.

The goal of the research has been formulated due to the presence of a certain gap between the level of , military training and patriotic upbringing of university yourh and modern challenges facing our country in the context of a unilateral military operation. The goal of the research is to identify the main problems of, military training and patriotic upbringing, and to propose the main ways of effectively organizing work with young people in universities.

The research results: it has been determined that in the last 20 years there has been a process of deformation of traditional values among young people, which entailed alienation from the state, its traditions, culture, language, and in some cases, opposition to state interests. Taking into account the unilateral military operation, it is military training and patriotic upbringing that becomes the main determinant of the effective organization of work with young people in universities.

Key findings: military training and patriotic upbringing as a determinant of effective organization of work with young people in universities in the context of a special military operation is the most important element of the pedagogical activity of the faculty. Organization of military training and patriotic upbringing in universities should imply a change in approaches to educational and social work with young people, paying more attention in the curricula to issues of history, culture, morality, volunteerism, service to the state and society, as well as physical education of student. 

Abstract. The article defines the concept of «generation», and analyzes the transformation of this concept at various stages of the development of generational theory. The demographic approach to the study of generations is primarily associated with the identification of certain age intervals in order to analyze the age structure of the population. The author aims to supplement the demographic view of generations with a sociological interpretation of their features and characteristics. As a result of a theoretical review of generational concepts, the definition of the concept of «generation» has been formulated. A generation is understood as a group of people similar in value attitudes, behavior patterns and worldview, which were developed in the course of joint experience of historical events and socio-economic conditions with a common age interval of about 20 years.

In the framework of the presented work, It has been assumed that generational theories and classifications have points of contact that allow them to be systematized and compared. To test this hypothesis, the generational classifications of Howe and Strauss, Yu.A. Levada, V.V. Radaev, and a number of other authors have been considered. The result of the theoretical review is a comparative analysis of these classifications in tabular form. As a result of the work, a number of recommendations for choosing a theoretical framework for studying generations depending on country and subject specifics have been provided. This study will be useful primarily for scientists studying generational issues in various fields of social sciences. Also, the presented article is relevant for educational programs that include consideration of generations as a scientific category. 

Abstract. The relevance research lies in the expediency of identifying the factors of development of Russian public women’s associations. This will contribute to improving the mechanism of their state support for solving socially significant problems of women, children and families in the country. The problem of the research lies in the comprehensive activation of Russian public associations of women, on the one hand, and in the absence of a conceptual justification of the factors influencing their positive development, on the other hand.

The goal of the research is to identify, classify and determine the degree of influence of a complex of different factors on the development of women’s public associations in modern Russia.

The research methods. The article uses data from sociological surveys conducted in 2024 in two Russian regions - Belgorod and Moscow regions. First, it is a questionnaire survey of women who are employees or volunteers of Russian public associations of women. Secondly, this is an interview with experts from among managers and scientists.

The results. Among the external factors, the most important are the improvement of women’s educational programs and state support for women’s structures, as well as a large amount of daily unpaid work for Russians at home, the effect of conservative gender stereotypes, and the fear of residents of border territories for the life and health of loved ones. Among the internal factors (operating within organizations), cooperation with the authorities, increasing the financial base, professional and personal development, digitalization have been highlighted.

Key findings. It is advisable to divide the key factors of the development of women’s public associations in modern Russia into external and internal ones, taking into account their heterogeneity, the varying degree of influence on women’s structures, as well as the difference in opinions of employees and volunteers, on the one hand, and experts, on the other. 

Abstract. The assessment of the contribution of domestic futurologists to the development of general theoretical foundations of the concept of the information society is especially relevant at the present time, as Russia moves to a new stage of civilizational development.

Statement of the problem. In the works of V.I. Vernadsky back in the 30s of the last century, the foundations of the future information society were laid, which he called the “noosphere”. The ideas of V.I. Vernadsky formed the basis of the Concepts of the Transition of the Russian Federation to Sustainable Development, adopted by the government in 1996. Beginning in the 90s of the twentieth century several dozen domestic researchers have been working on the concept of the formation of an information civilization. The article highlights those futurologists who, from the author's point of view, are reaching a high level of generalization of the changes taking place in society. The works of such Russian futurologists as A.D. Ursul, R.F. Abdeev, N.N. Moiseev, A.I. Rakitov, K.K. Kolin, A.V. Sokolov, V.P. Kaznacheev have been analyzed.

The goal of the research is to study the contribution of Russian futurologists to the development of theoretical foundations for building an information society. Particular attention is paid to the sociohumanitarian aspect of the problem under study.

The methodological basis of the study is a systems approach and general methods of scientific knowledge, such as analysis, synthesis, generalization. Key conclusions. Major Russian futurologists are the successors of the noospheric-humanistic direction of informatization, within the framework of which the Human Scientist with a high moral position has his social purpose: the preservation of culture. 

Abstract. At the present stage, there is an urgent need to assess various forms of utopian ideas, linking it with the problem of strengthening the traditional values of ethnic communities. The subject of the research is to understand the primary elements of utopia in the Nart epic in the context of contemporary social reality. The main method is the method of structural and functional analysis to identify the role of a specific utopian idea in the structure of the Nart epic as a form of reflection of the socio-cultural forms of existence of the ethnos. The extrapolation method is also used, revealing the general and the specific in the implementation of specific utopian ideas in the modern socio-cultural situation. A typology of utopian elements in the epic has been determined, including miracles associated with food products; with physical strength and extraordinary abilities; with the transformation of the human body; with the ability to influence the weather and daily cycles; with the preservation of eternal youth and beauty; with the onset of social equality. It has been revealed that the utopias of the epic often have a material-objective character and are significant not in themselves, but to the extent that they can be useful for the family. The understanding of utopian changes in social structures is expressed metaphorically, in a symbolic form revealing the essence of the attitude to social inequality. The grains of utopia of the Nart epic in modern social reality have taken various forms of implementation: some have come true and ceased to be utopias, while others have transformed from being perceived as real phenomena into utopian ones. Utopian ideas associated with the reorganization of society remain utopias due to the fact that social ideals are constantly changing.