Introduction. The article examines the history of the disintegration of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic in 1993. The most important stages of this process, beginning with the events of the Velvet Revolution of 1989 and ending on January 1, 1993 have been investigated. The differences in approaches to resolving the developing state crisis in the two parts of Czechoslovakia and the specifics of this peaceful partition have been highlighted, when Prague decided not to interfere with Bratislava's decision to secede from the country. The origins of the so-called «Slovak question» and its objective and subjective prerequisites have been considered. The article also focuses on the last federal, regional, and presidential elections in Czechoslovakia in 1992. It has been shown how the leaders of the Czech Republic and Slovakia managed to resolve all issues of the future partition by comprehensively approaching the solution to this problem, laying the foundation for future good-neighbourly relations between the two countries.
The materials and methods. The goal of the research is to analyze the causes, characteristics, and stages of the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993. In writing this article, we used Historical research methods, namely, historical description, comparative history, historical reconstruction, and retrospective historical research have been used in the research.
The research results. Drawing on advances in Russian historiography and the works of Czech, Slovak, French, and American researchers, including the latest publications, a retrospective of the emergence of the Slovenian question at various stages in the history of Czechoslovakia, from its inception to its two dissolutions has been presented. Of particular interest are survey data from the eve of the dissolution itself in 1992 and more recently-in 2017 and 2021-demonstrating changes in public opinion dynamics following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993.
Discussion and conclusion. The dissolution of Czechoslovakia, which followed the mildest, most conflict-free course, became a rare exception amid the ongoing cataclysms in the international arena at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, expanding the range of options for resolving complex internal, interethnic, and inter-subject problems. Together, the more than 30 years that have passed since the dissolution demonstrate a re-evaluation by some Slovaks and Czechs of the causes and consequences of the division of Czechoslovakia.

Introduction. In the context of contemporary challenges related to managing ethnocultural diversity, this research is particularly significant. On the one hand, there is a theoretical need to overcome the ambiguity of basic categories («ethnos», «identity», «tradition») and develop a holistic model linking objective cultural structures and subjective self-awareness. On the other hand, there is a practical need to understand the mechanisms for preserving ethnic unity outside a compact territory, a point vividly illustrated by the example of the global Adyghe (Circassian) diaspora. Studying the cultural «code» (Adyghe) allows us not only to analyze the factors of ethnic stability but also to propose models for harmonizing interethnic relations in multicultural regions such as the North Caucasus and developing strategies for preserving cultural heritage in the context of globalization. Thus, the research is relevant both as a contribution to fundamental theory and for addressing applied socio-political issues.
The materials and methods. The research is based on a synthesis of a systems approach, the principle of historicism, and structural-functional analysis. The theoretical basis is provided by the works of classic Russian ethnologists (Yu.V. Bromley, S.A. Arutyunov, Yu.I. Mkrtumyan, B.Kh. Bgazhnokov, et al.), whose concepts are applied to the study of the Adyghe ethnocultural complex.
The research resulted in the construction of a theoretical model in which the Adyghe ethical complex, which permeates all identified cultural subsystems, plays a system-forming role in maintaining the Adyghe identity.
Discussion and Conclusion. It has been established that the defining characteristic of an ethnic group is ethnic self-awareness, marked by an endoethnonym. The key mechanism for the stability of the Adyghe ethnic group is the socio-normative complex of «Adyghe» and «Adyghe khabze», which structures identity and ensures the reproduction of cultural integrity, even in the diaspora. Ethnicity is viewed as a system in which an objective cultural framework and subjective self-awareness are dynamically interconnected.

Introduction. The article both analyzes the Russian and foreign historiography and applicable to the needs of school and university history courses, and examines the life in Yevpatoria during the Crimean War of 1853–1855. The article aims to show life in an ordinary city of the Russian Empire during military operations. The following tasks have been posed and solved: the socio-economic life of Yevpatoria on the eve of the war has been shown. The dynamics of such events as landing of troops, life in the occupied city, the evacuation of residents, and the procedure for changing power after the conclusion of peace has been described. For the first time, life in a major city of the Taurida Governorate during the 1854–1855 occupation has been depicted. An ethnic palette has been presented, vividly representing such national groups as the Tatars, the Karaites, and the Russians. For the first time, it has been shown that the Tatar language was the dominant spoken language in Yevpatoria at that time. The dynamics of historical toponyms and dialectal features that gave rise to the twofold interpretation of the city's name: Gezlev or Kezlev have been examined. The behavior of certain population groups has been studied. The damage caused to the Allied fleet directly at the Yevpatoria roadstead as a result of a hurricane has been shown. The attempt to capture the city by Russian troops under the command of General Khrulyov has been analyzed.
The materials and methods. The primary method is a structural-functional analysis of events and facts. A comparative analysis of sources has been conducted, including a perspective from the other side.
The research results. For the first time, facts about the evacuation of city residents have been introduced into scholarly circulation. The daily life of residents of the occupied Russian city has been shown. The condition of Yevpatoria housing stock after the departure of the occupiers has been presented. Previously unknown memories of city residents have been introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time. The city national palette and linguistic environment have been revealed. The forms of evacuation of the population and administrative apparatus have been examined. The historical toponymy of Yevpatoria has been traced.
Discussion and Conclusion. The dramatic events of Yevpatoria during the Crimean War have been introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time and will become known to the general public.

Introduction. The relevance of the research stems from the need to preserve the cultural heritage of the Udmurt people. Udmurtia is known for its unique spiritual tradition, but in the modern world, young people often lose historical continuity and are strongly influenced by the Western mass culture. A renewed interest in the homeland begins with fostering folk ideals. Dialogue between cultures allows the different ethnic groups living in Russia to better understand each other and coexist peacefully. Involvement with folklore and crafts helps adolescents develop their talents, teaches them to see beauty, and think outside the box. The goal of the research is to conduct a systemic analysis of the patriotic priorities of the Udmurt folk traditions in the education of modern youth.
The materials and methods. The Udmurt folk traditions, customs, and folklore served as the materials for the analysis. The study utilized cultural, historical and systemic approaches, as well as methods from Ethnology, Cultural Studies, Pedagogy, Sociology, and folklore studies, in particular, historical-genetic and content analysis.
The results. The content of the Udmurt folk festivals, rituals, and customs that foster patriotism in the younger generation has been revealed.
Discussion and Conclusion. The research has revealed the relationship between the Udmurt folklore and patriotism. The Udmurt folklore contains materials that foster love for the Motherland. Through the celebration of traditions and customs, youth strengthen their connection with their nation’s past.

Introduction. The Concept for the Development of Supplementary Education for Children until 2030 calls for strengthening the educational component in supplementary general education programs by organizing the educational process based on the socio-cultural, national, and spiritual values of the Russian society. This makes the issue of changing the content of general education programs a priority. Ethnic tourism events can serve as an effective educational tool for the socialization of children and adolescents, confirming the relevance of this issue.
The materials and methods. To achieve the goal, the following scientific methods were used: analysis, comparison, generalization, design, and description. General scientific methodological principles were used: determinism, objectivity, systematicity, and the unity of theory and practice. Current pedagogical research on the educational potential of traditional folk culture and the specifics of organizing excursion activities for children and adolescents served as the theoretical basis for the study.
The results. The concept of “educational potential of ethnic tourism” has been clarified; a project for an ethnic excursion for children and adolescents that has the potential to be implemented in educational institutions has been substantiated and developed.
Discussion and Conclusion. The educational potential of ethnic tourism is understood as a set of means that have an educational impact on students and is manifested in the promotion of universal human values through the process of understanding the lives of other peoples and ways of functioning in a multinational society. Effective socialization of the younger generation is possible through the inclusion of ethnically focused excursion activities in the work of educational institutions, which expand the curriculum and methodological content of students' general and additional education.

Introduction. The relevance of the research stems from the high socio-pedagogical significance of digitalization and the need for an objective assessment of the emerging problem field. The research problem lies in the structural and substantive discrepancy between the scale of digitalization and the fragmented nature of its scientific reflection. This gap must be bridged: from individual articles to a holistic picture and its projection into the future. The goal of the research is to identify and systematize the current structure of the digitalization of education problem field through an analysis of key categories and themes represented in the titles of scientific articles in the leading specialized «Pedagogy» journal for the period 2020–2025 and to outline promising directions for future research in this area.
The materials and methods. The research methodology was based on scientific methods: synthesis, generalization, and content analysis, which allow for the objective recording of the frequency, compatibility, and evolution of semantic units. The empirical base consisted of articles published in the «Pedagogy» journal from 2020 to 2025, each containing the topic of digitalization of education in its title.
The research results. The established semantic units of the investigated phenomenon have been identified, which serve as the basis for designing further research in the context of digital scientific and pedagogical content.
Key Findings: A well-established core of the problematic field has been identified, centered around the substantive content of the thematic clusters presented in the articles. This allows us to conclude that the process of researchers addressing this issue is not intensive, organized, or methodologically sound, and requires further and comprehensive study in a theoretical, methodological, and practice-oriented field, confirming the effectiveness of content analysis methodology.

Introduction. In the context of globalization and digitalization of society, developing reading comprehension in primary schoolchildren is of particular importance. However, traditional methods of teaching reading in a foreign language are often ineffective, leading to a gap between technical reading skills and the ability to understand and interpret text. The relevance of the research stems from the need to develop a scientifically sound model that would ensure the comprehensive development of reading comprehension, taking into account the age-related characteristics of schoolchildren.
The materials and methods. The research utilized theoretical methods (analysis of psychological, pedagogical, and methodological literature, systematization, and modeling) and empirical methods (pedagogical experiment, testing, observation, questionnaires, and analysis of educational products).
The results. The concept of «reading comprehension» has been clarified as applied to primary schoolchildren learning English and identifying its structural components. The model for developing reading competence, including target-based, content-based, organizational-activity-based, and evaluative-performance-based blocks have been developed and tested; the effectiveness of the proposed model has been experimentally proved.
Discussion and Conclusion. The proposed model for developing reading competence in primary schoolchildren during English language learning represents a comprehensive system based on the integration of a strategic approach and the Phonics methodology. Implementation of the model ensures: development of technical reading skills through systematic work with sound-letter correspondences; development of semantic reading skills using pre-text, text, and post-text strategies; and increased student motivation through the use of authentic materials, games, and project-based work.

Introduction. Life in a digital society allows for a new perspective on the personal achievements of educational institutions. One such innovation is the introduction of a digital portfolio system in professional educational institutions. The digital transformation of education is identified as one of the national development goals for the period up to 2030. This makes the study of students' digital portfolios a relevant issue in modern pedagogical practice. In light of these circumstances, the aim of the research is to provide a theoretical justification for the digital portfolio as a tool for recording students' individual achievements.
The materials and methods. This goal was achieved through the application of theoretical research methods: systematization, differentiation, comparison, and generalization. The theoretical basis was provided by current pedagogical research on the digitalization of the educational space in general and universities in particular.
The results of the study include: a definition of «digital portfolio» and its functions; an analysis of its structural components; and a description of the technology for assessing student achievement through portfolios.
Discussion and Conclusion. The potential of a digital portfolio allows for the presentation of systematized information on a student's individual achievements within a university electronic information environment, the independent assessment of the quality of these achievements, and the making of appropriate management decisions. The traditional structural components of a student's digital portfolio are a set of blocks dedicated to achievements in academic, scientific, social, and athletic activities. Students’ achievements are assessed through the portfolio by the students themselves to develop an individual trajectory for further self-improvement, by the dean's staff to make appropriate management decisions, and by potential employers.

The relevance. The development of society in the context of digital technologies implies a fundamentally new order of government management decisions. These decisions are characterized by the presence and consideration of feedback in the decision-making process, as well as the mandatory disclosure of management results on various digital platforms. This innovative type of management requires specialized technologies for the rapid dissemination of information regarding management principles, reporting activities, and the search for effective management systems and methods.
The methods and materials. The research utilized systems analysis methods and an interdisciplinary approach, and also analyzed the theoretical basis for public and municipal governance mechanisms within an interdisciplinary discourse in the field of management.
The results. The theoretical basis for interpreting the concept of «governance mechanism» has been determined and a classification of public and municipal governance by its implementation methods identified. The article explores the role of the population in the governance process and analyzes the work of regional governments in implementing innovative technologies and management methods.
Discussion and Conclusion. By incorporating scientific and technological advances into the governance system, it is possible to understand the weaknesses of the existing governance model. The strategic goal of the Russian Federation is to achieve leadership in technological development. The state independence from foreign digital technologies is possible through the integrated work of federal and regional authorities in the scientific, manufacturing, and technological sectors. Therefore, the ability to apply innovative technologies, automate management processes, and consider the human factor are essential skills in management today.

Introduction. The motivational environment in an educational organization plays a key role in enhancing staff performance and creating a productive atmosphere for increased productivity, retaining “highly valuable” employees, developing employee skills, and creating favorable working conditions. The article examines the key factors shaping the motivational environment in general education institutions, including internal communications, incentive systems, opportunities for professional growth, and the development of a corporate culture.
The materials and methods. To determine employee motivation levels, a pilot survey study was conducted, using the theory of Lyman Porter and Edward Lawler as its methodological basis.
The results. Analyzing the data obtained, we note that low scores reflecting the organization's «pressing» problems are of particular interest. This includes the level of awareness of the workforce regarding each employee's performance (score 3.3). A relatively low score also relates to the proportionality of pay relative to work performed (score 3.4). Moreover, the question regarding the availability of sufficient information and material resources to perform job duties yielded low results among respondents under 30.
Conclusion. The research can help develop management mechanisms for improving the motivational environment at educational institutions. Effective tools may include: keeping team members informed about colleagues' successes; and revising performance appraisal approaches (or clearly regulating them) for overtime work.

Introduction. Given the intensive and profound penetration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies into social relations, the article examines the effect of AI use by university graduates on social transformation, using data from contemporary Russia.
The materials and methods. Using a questionnaire survey of sixty young people who graduated from the Bashkir State Medical University, the Bashkir State Pedagogical University, and Synergy University, the author identifies and characterizes the impact of AI use by young people on social reality. To ensure validity, consistency, and reliability, the survey results have been verified through a focused group expert interview.
The results. All survey participants continue to use the AI technologies they learned during their university studies in their daily practice. Although most respondents agreed that their actions can change social relations (for the better), only a minority consciously engage in such actions. Overall, the survey data may indicate an increase in cyberaddiction among respondents.
Discussion and Conclusion. The study concludes that AI technologies used by young people in social reality can be considered a significant factor in social dynamics.