The goal of the research is to clarify the rules of succession through a focus on everyday life in the Crimean Khanate. The relevance of the research lies in the fact that until now both individual aspects and the general everyday life of the Crimean Khanate have not been studied. In turn, this is due to the fact that the sources of the Crimean Khanate period are mostly written in the Arabic script. Much attention in the article is paid to new facts revealed during the study of the Kadiaskers’ notebooks of the XVII–XVIII centuries. An analysis of the recorded court decisions allowed us to clarify not only one aspect of the extensive legislative system, but also to imagine the everyday life in the Crimean Khanate. When writing the article, the following scientific-research methods were used: comparative-historical method, linguistic analysis method and others. The identified examples of court decisions from the Kadiaskers’ notebooks have been transliterated and translated from Arabic (the Ottoman language) into Russian, which will significantly facilitate the work for future research. During the research, it has been found out that the executive and legal authorities in the Crimean Khanate worked strictly according to the established Muslim legislative system, the Sharia laws. Each individual example taken and examined reveals the details of life situations and gives an opportunity to look into the everyday life of an ordinary person.

The subject of the research is the problem of organizing the activities of soldiers and officers of the Russian Imperial Army on the fronts of the First World War in the periods between hostilities. The relevance of studying the problem is dictated by the fact that military conflicts accompany all periods of human development, and the results obtained can be rethought and transferred to modern times, taking into account existing realities. Within the framework of military-historical anthropology, the value of the quality of organization of army leisure is determined by the fact that it largely shaped the degree of psychological stability of combatants and their readiness to endure the difficult conditions of war. The objectives of the study include identifying the main aspects of the life of military personnel based on the study of historical sources. The methodological basis of the study is based on general scientific methods of synthesis, analysis, generalization and systematization. In accordance with the principles of historicism and objectivity, the authors widely use specialized periodicals of the war period, materials from historical sources, both of memoir origin, reflecting the impressions of more educated layers of society, and sources capturing the experience of ordinary soldiers. This approach allows us to comprehensively assess the degree of readiness of the army to organize the front-line life of a soldier as a most difficult task for any military command. The results of the study formulate conclusions about the characteristics of army life military personnel during the First World War, approaches to organizing leisure time are defined and the main components of army life are summarized.

An artwork as a scientific unit in the study of the works of M.K. Tilke is an important source category when studying the material aspects of the Tatar heritage. The goal of the research is to study, systematize and introduce visual sources that reproduce the costume complex of the Tatars into scientific circulation. During the research the following tasks were solved: certain types of clothing reproduced in sketches were identified and described; graphic, written sources and surviving material heritage in museum collections were analyzed. The method of historical and ethnographic research was used. The conclusions: each of the artist’s artworks is ethnographically accurate, since the main goal was to reveal the uniqueness, significance and features of the costume complex. Participation in scientific expeditions, consistent study and comparison of graphic, written sources and preserved material heritage in museum collections revealed an accurate reproduction of the cut features. As a researcher, he tried to draw parallels with other peoples, those close in culture, or simply those in interaction with the Tatars. Turning to early historical and ethnographic sources, M. Tilke tried to identify the general and specific in the details of the Tatar women's and men's costume complex.

The relevance of the research is determined by the need to identify the common and special in the cultures of peoples living on different continents and not having common borders. The goal is to identify ethnographic communities in matters of sacralization and forms of inheritance of musical instruments in the culture of the peoples of the North Caucasus and Kazakhstan. The work uses a systematic typological method and a method of ethnographic description of material and spiritual values, partly preserved to this day and partly transformed due to changed sociocultural realities. Based on modern field research in the villages of Adygea and Kazakhstan, archival sources and scientific literature, the authors were able to establish that the transfer of musical instruments from the older generation to the younger was carried out under certain conditions. One of the most important conditions was the requirement to keep the tool in working condition, i.e. do not let the instrument be silent. Another important condition is to transfer the instrument into the hands of a chosen one (a worthy musician), who takes upon himself «amanat» – undertakes to cherish the music (preserve musical traditions). The specific fulfillment of ethnographic conditions for observing the tradition of inheritance of musical instruments shows their similarities and differences in the synchrony of the past and diachrony the last one and a half centuries. Changes in the nomenclature of musical instruments in modern times have also led to changes in their forms of inheritance. Instruments began to be preserved by relatives as a memory of a famous ancestor or transferred to a museum for the same purpose. It is not the musical instruments that become more valuable, but the musical or sound documents that record the cultural heritage of the past.

The novelty of the research is associated with the presentation of previously unpublished ethnographic facts collected in the field and their original interpretation.

Modern methods of teaching foreign languages in non-linguistic universities are determined by the need to effectively combine language and professional training that meets the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education (FSES HE). The key goal of this system is to develop students’ skills in understanding professionally-oriented information and developing the competence to communicate in a foreign language in professional situations.

The article discusses issues related to the formation of professionally oriented lexical competence among students of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Maikop State Technological University» in the training program «Technosphere Safety». The study emphasizes the relevance of the topic, since when studying a professional foreign language it is impossible to develop lexical competence without the ability to work with thesaurus in one’s professional field.

The goal of the research is to clarify the methods of developing professionally-oriented lexical competence among students of non-linguistic universities in the training program 20.03.01 «Technosphere Safety» in the process of reading texts in the specialty in English. The extent to which it is necessary to select lexical material and compile an individual thesaurus with a professional focus is assessed, which allows students to better understand professional texts, expand their vocabulary and accurately use professional terminology.

Professionally oriented texts were the research material; linguistic and lexical units were analyzed, the skill of developing lexical competence among students was practiced.

The research is based on complex research methods, consisting of theoretical methods (deductive analysis, method of statistical work with lexical material, comparative analysis) and empirical methods (observation method and data analysis).

As a result of the research, a strategy for working on vocabulary when reading professionally oriented texts has been proposed, and the most effective exercises for developing lexical competence among students in the training program «Technosphere Safety» have been identified.

Key conclusions: the formation of professionally oriented lexical competence among students of non-linguistic universities when working with foreign language texts on the topic «Technosphere Security» helps to analyze the information received and to form lexical competence and the skill of using an individual terminological thesaurus in the professional field, expanding the vocabulary in the specialty.

Digital technologies have removed all restrictions in the availability of information in a foreign language and deformed the motivation of students of non-language specialties to learn a foreign language. The authors believe that artificial intelligence technologies have the potential to systematically and purposefully influence students' motivation strategies. The goal of the research is to identify main directions of implementing artificial intelligence technologies in the language training process in the context of different motivation strategies. The research methods used are analysis of secondary data, systematization, synthesis, generalization. The research results are the following: 1) approaches to the development of motivational strategies have been differentiated and the prospects of introducing artificial intelligence technologies into the system of student motivation have been described; 2) the necessity of internalizing motives for learning a foreign language have been substantiated; 3) the priority directions of using artificial intelligence technologies in the process of forming students' motivational experience have been described. Key conclusions: 1) the main condition for the effectiveness of the foreign language teaching system is the formation of conditions for the internalization of learning motives; 2) the student's motivational experience is formed through the application of different motivational strategies and in accordance with the motivational design of the training course; 3) a teacher can use different approaches to the formation of the author's portfolio of motivational strategies; 4) artificial intelligence technologies allow to optimize and increase the effectiveness of the process of developing foreign language competences, but they are used in the following ways.

Scientific research and innovation play a key role in the modern world as determinants of the development of society, the economy and the state. It is quite obvious that awareness of the importance of developing research competencies in the process of professional training at a university will stimulate the involvement of students in scientific activities, which in the future will make a significant contribution to the development of society as a whole. The problem of the research is to identify students’ ideas about the state of research work at a university.

The goal of the research is to reveal the state of students' research work in universities based on students' opinions. The research methods used are general scientific ones (analysis, comparison, generalization, synthesis), survey, explanatory and illustrative methods.

The research results are the following: the importance of students' research activities has been substantiated; the opinions of students at a number of universities in the Russian Federation on modern trends in student research work was carried out; Factors that hinder the effective development of students' research work have been identified.

Key conclusions: research work of students is an integral basic component of professional training; problems in organizing this type of activity have been identified (lack of understanding of the place of research work in the process of professional training, weak involvement of students, students’ research competencies are not sufficiently developed, etc.); factors inhibiting the active involvement of students in research efforts are employment of students, funding problems, the lack of an effective mechanism for motivating and stimulating young scientists, etc.

Among domestic historians of Pedagogy and education, there has traditionally been a high interest in various aspects of the history of the development of teaching of various disciplines at Moscow University, which is in fact the first classical university in our country. Among the academic subjects that began to be taught at this university almost immediately after its opening was experimental (experimental) Physics.

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the fact that Moscow University has been one of the largest centers of domestic higher physics education for more than 250 years, and the state of teaching Physics at this university had a significant impact on the organization of Physics education in our country throughout this period. The beginning of the formation of forms and methods of teaching Physics at Moscow University, as well as the formation of the content of this educational course, dates back to the first decades of the university’s existence, however, this particular period in the history of Physics education at Moscow University is currently the least studied. This makes it difficult to build a holistic picture of the development of Physics teaching in a given higher education institution.

Statement of the research problem: to study the process of development of teaching experimental Physics at the Imperial Moscow University in the second half of the 18th century.

The goal of the research is to identify the features of the initial stage of the formation of forms and methods of teaching the course of experimental Physics at the Imperial Moscow University in 1755–1791, to study the structure and main elements of the content of this course in the period under review.

The research method used is the analysis of literary sources (scientific, reference, memoir-biographical) and educational literature (university Physics textbooks of the second half of the 18th century).

The results and key conclusions. The initial stage of development of teaching experimental Physics at the Imperial Moscow University took the first 35 years of its existence. During this period, the Department of Physics was organized, which was replaced by a full-time professor (from among foreigners), as well as the consolidation of the lecture form of teaching and the corresponding verbal and visual teaching methods. The lectures were accompanied by the use of a demonstration experiment. Physics was taught in Latin using modern textbooks at that time, written in foreign languages. By the end of the period under review, as part of the experimental Physics course at Moscow University, students studied exclusively Mechanics and some of its practical applications.

The article examines the issue of the housing and utility services as a sociocultural institution. It has been noted that the larger the urban settlement, the more difficult it is to organize orderly interactions necessary for the sustainability of the urban structure, convenience for residents, safety, expressiveness of the cultural landscape, etc. Housing and utility services perform an important function of forming a positive image of a city, making it competitive in attractiveness in comparison with others cities. The research problem lies in the fact that the housing and utility services are generally considered from the standpoint of economics and management, despite the fact that the activities of this complex have a pronounced socio-cultural orientation. This allows us to talk about the relevance of the study of housing and utility services as a sociocultural institution in order to identify factors that contribute to the effectiveness of the activities of public utility organizations, or lead to institutional dysfunctions. The main research method chosen is structural and functional analysis, which allows us to consider housing and communal services from the point of view of the implementation of sociocultural functions and the search for the causes of possible dysfunctions. Consistently the institutional features of housing and utility complex are revealed. In conclusion, the main reasons for possible institutional dysfunctions of the object under consideration have been determined: violations of functionality are possible, firstly, as a result of general crisis conditions in the economy and politics; secondly, as a result of natural disasters; thirdly, as a result of a lack of understanding of the importance and complexity of housing and communal services by state and municipal authorities. Also, the gap in this area may be affected by shortcomings in the organizational culture of specific enterprises in the public utilities sector.

The article examines the concept and implementation of the principle of «Russophobia» as a type of socio-cultural intolerance. The relevance of addressing this topic is justified by the modern realities of the socio-political confrontation of Western countries in relation to Russia. Particular attention is paid to the causes of Russophobia and the main trends in its manifestation in the modern world. The research was carried out using the method of socio-historical analysis, the epistemological method of analyzing literary, journalistic and scientific sources. The research examines concepts formed in different periods of history that comprehend this phenomenon. Based on reflections on Russophobia by authoritative Russian philosophers, writers and publicists, it has been proved that the Russophobic narrative, starting from the 16th century, became a stable ideological trend reflecting the expansionist interests of Western elites. As Russia strengthened on the world stage, Russophobia intensified. The ideological «crusade» against Orthodox Rus' was launched by European travelers of the 17th-19th centuries, who created a negative image of our country in the Western world. Currently, the countries of the united West have declared a «sacred war» against Russia. A powerful propaganda campaign was launched, directed against Russia and everything Russian. The authors of the article give a moral and ethical assessment of the sociopolitical processes of a new surge of Russophobia in modern conditions. It is suggested that in the current conditions it is necessary to carry out an open international fight against Russophobia and create a system of our own channels of influence in the Western information space, as well as counteract internal Russophobia using cultural and educational methods.

In the context of rapid social, economic and technological changes, the relevance of research into the social problems of the elderly is increasing, as they face numerous challenges that require deep scientific understanding and the development of adequate solutions. The main goal of the research is to analyze and systematize social problems faced by the elderly, as well as to determine the most effective approaches to solving them. To achieve this goal, an integrated approach was used, including analysis of scientific literature, classification of approaches and formulation of practical recommendations. As a result, key areas of research were defined, main trends and strategies for solving the problems of the elderly population were identified. The article examines five research approaches: a biological-sociological one, which connects the physiological and social aspects of aging; a social-dynamic one, emphasizing the influence of changing social conditions; an integration-digital one, studying the impact of technology on the lives of the elderly; a social-status one, considering the relationship between social status and quality of life; and active-adaptive one, emphasizing the active participation and adaptation of the elderly in society. These approaches present diverse perspectives and strategies for improving the lives of senior citizens. The study highlights the need for regularly updating scientific data and methods to develop effective programs and policies that help improve the quality of life of the elderly and their active participation in public life.

The relevance of the research is the need to identify the features of reducing the value of interpersonal trust in a couple, which leads to a decrease in marriage rates among the Russian population.

The problem of the research lies in the presence of deviations in interpersonal trust between men and women and the lack of scientifically based information about the attitude of subjects to trust as a sociocultural value, which prevents the development of effective measures to eliminate deviations in the intergender relationships of partners.

The aim of the research is to identify the features of interpersonal trust in a couple as a traditional socio-cultural value.

The research methods. The paper uses data from a sociological study conducted in 2024 in the Belgorod region by means of a questionnaire survey. With a quota sample, 1,155 respondents were interviewed.

The Results. The study revealed that, for both men and women, the main reason for establishing trust was the presence of identity, individual similarity, common life goals, common interests, and the same rules of behavior. It was found that the majority of respondents trusted their partner much more than other people. The comparative analysis made it possible to talk about the relationships between the level of trust and the duration of the couple's existence. Thus, the lowest level of trust was typical for the young couples formed less than 6 months ago. And the highest level of trust was observed between subjects who had been together for more than 20 years. The correlation analysis led to the conclusion that the highest level of interpersonal trust was manifested in official married couples, and not in cohabitation and not in guest interaction.

The Key findings. It has been concluded that following positive traditions and preserving sociocultural values in the interactions of representatives of different sexes is not presented as a cultural and historical relic, but, on the contrary, as a potential for further successful development of the institution of the family. It has been determined that interpersonal trust in a couple between is presented as a socio-cultural value, which largely determines the quality and stability of relationships and interactions between the subjects.

The relevance of the research is the spread of the phenomena of social orphanhood and deprived parenthood due to the labor migration of family members.

The problem of the research is the expansion of labor migration, the spread of social orphanhood, the development of deprived parenthood, on the one hand, and the lack of conceptual justification for the relationships between these phenomena, on the other.

The goal of the research is to consider social orphanhood and deprived parenthood in a migrant family as a threat to demographic security.

The research methods. The work used data from: 1) a questionnaire survey of returned Kyrgyz labor migrants who worked in Russia and then returned to Kyrgyzstan; 2) semi-structured interviews of labor migrants in Russia; 3) quantitative and qualitative content analysis of cases presented in the essays of migrant children.

The Results. Thus, social orphanhood and deprived parenthood in migrant families, due its large scale, are considered as a threat to demographic security at several levels: a parent or a child, family as a whole, as well as countries of origin and reception. It has been determined that when children of migrants stay with elderly grandparents, a difficult situation arises, since grandparents sometimes have difficulty with self-care, and it is twice as difficult for them to cope with grandchildren. Children begin to miss classes at school, academic performance decreases, a culture of communication is not formed, and problems with the law appear. In cases where children of migrants remain to live with people who are not relatives to them, the level of safety of minors is significantly reduced, accompanied by beatings and murders. An analysis of the opinions of migrants, their children and experts shows that social orphanhood and deprived parenthood are a threat to demographic security.

The Key Findings. Social orphanhood is interconnected with the phenomenon of deprived parenthood, since labor migrants feel responsible both for their own sons and daughters and for their elderly parents. The key social negative of the situation is natural and repeated reproduction of social orphanhood and deprived parenthood in migrant families.

The relevance of the research is determined by the development of civil society in Russia, expressed, in particular, in the active participation of citizens in the volunteer movement to solve socially significant problems together with the state, business and non-profit organizations, whose participation is not limited only to regulatory regulation or financial support for volunteering

The need to solve this issue determined the research problem, which is the insufficient systematization of factors influencing volunteer activity to determine ways of interaction of various subsystems of society with this process, as well as identifying controlling factors.

The goal of the research is to build a model that reflects the mechanisms of interaction between the subsystems of society and volunteer activities related to its resource provision, goal setting, results and, in particular, social regulators.

The main research method is the analysis of existing scientific views on volunteering in the context of the IDEF0 methodology.

The result of the research is a model of volunteer activity developed using a systematic approach, which, unlike existing ones, allows us to streamline, group and classify the processes of goal setting, evaluation of results, resource provision of volunteer activity, and also to identify factors of social regulation.

The key conclusions: the model constructed by the author illustrates the differences between control and resource factors, defines the necessary set of conditions for the implementation of volunteer activities, allows us to assess the features of participation in volunteer activities of both the state, business and non-profit sector, and society as a whole.