The first half of the 19th century is a period when the North Caucasus gradually enters the stream of socio-economic and political development of the Russian Empire.

A deep analysis of the features of feudal-serf relations in the North Caucasus is very important and relevant for historical science, since it explains the emergence of problems and contradictions during the period when these regions became part of the Russian Empire, the implementation of peasant reform, the formation of the Russian administration on these lands, and changes in the judicial system.

All levels of the Caucasian administration participated in the preparation and process of integration of the North Caucasus into the Russian legal field. The main purpose of the research is to determine the significance of the social issue in the context of the ethnic component of the region, to study socio-economic and land relations in the North Caucasus, to characterize the social structure of societies.

In the process of research work on the article, methods of comparative historical analysis, synthesis and generalization were used, as well as the principle of objectivity and historicism, which provided the opportunity to analyze various episodes and phenomena from a historical point of view.

As a result of the research the process of collecting information about the history of the emergence and development of feudal relations in the region has been traced, the specifics of land legal norms, their complexity and intricacy have been identified, which determines the existing social structure of societies. Conclusions: the importance of adaptation of the population to new political conditions for further raising the level of socio-economic development of the societies of the North Caucasus has been determined.

Researchers from Western countries and some Russian scientists initially enthusiastically classified anti-government protests and uprisings in the 2010s in a number of Arab countries in the Middle East and North Africa as «Arab Spring» or «Arab Awakening».

However, the consequences of these «springs» and «awakenings» in some countries of the abovementioned region caused less delight and more anxiety. Indeed, if Tunisia after its «Arab Spring» returned to stable development, in Egypt one general (Hosni Mubarak) was replaced by another (Abdul-Fattah al-Sisi), then in Yemen, and especially in Libya, as a consequence of the «Arab awakenings» civil wars occurred, that are still ongoing, and threaten the complete disintegration of the above-mentioned countries.

Based on the above, it is quite obvious that the analysis of the causes, the content of the main stages and consequences of the evolution of the internal political situation in Libya after the overthrow of the regime of M. Gaddafi in October 2011 is not only an urgent scientific, but also a political task. The purpose of the article is to analyze the reasons for the destabilization of the internal political situation in Libya since October 2011, the content of its key stages and consequences. When writing the text of the article, the following scientific methods were used: problem-chronological, comparativehistorical, periodization method, historical-genetic, historical-retrospective, etc. The development of the internal political situation in Libya since October 2011 has led the Libyan state to total disintegration. The Libyan statehood, which until October 2011 was not particularly strong and stable, is confidently drifting towards fragmentation and autonomy within not only individual regions, but even individual cities.

The Relevance of the research topic. Contradictory and diverse problems of the national-state structure in a federal state, involving consideration of national characteristics and cultural experience of the peoples included in it, make it relevant to study the historical experience of the formation of the Soviet legal system in Dagestan in 1920–30s.

Problem statement. With the establishment of the Soviet power, the Dagestanis were offered a new model of social development. The transformation of the political, economic and social structure was accompanied by changes in the system of values, ideological attitudes, beliefs and norms that the majority of society had to share. Since the «outdated» value-normative system, regulating family, social, economic, and political relations, was focused on maintaining the existing development model, the approval of the new paradigm was difficult and contradictory.

The Research objectives. To highlight the process of approval of the Soviet legal system in Dagestan in 1920-30s using reliable documentary material and accumulated historiographical experience.

The Research methods. To solve the tasks set, the following methods were used: objectivism, historicism, historical-systemic and historical-typological.

The Results and key conclusions. The legitimization of the Soviet legal system in the first years after the establishment of Soviet power required the preservation of the traditional elements of law for the Dagestanis – Muslim (Sharia) and customary (Adat) law. Since the late 1920s, the time of the «forced» construction of socialism in the country, the traditional legal structures in the Republic have been liquidated. Under the control of party bodies by the time of the adoption of the Constitution of 1937, the legal system of Dagestan acquires all-Russian structural and functional features. The establishment of a new legal system and a socialist sense of justice was promoted by the policy of indigenization (korenization) and promotion, which in Dagestan had its own specific features, due to the multinational nature of the republic.

The relevance of the research topic. Wherever slavery existed, people attempted to escape, and American history is no exception. Sometimes such efforts took on organized and institutionalized forms, a notable example of which is the so-called Underground Railroad, a secret and organized system of resistance to enslavement by facilitating the escape of African Americans to northern states and other territories. In the chosen context of the research, the Underground Railroad can rightfully be considered one of the first mass movements for human rights not only in the United States, but also in the world.

The purpose of the research is to reveal the main aspects of the functioning of the Underground Railroad, since this problem is extremely poorly covered by domestic science.

The research is based on a scientific analysis of biographical data, literary sources, legal documents, materials from periodicals and has been carried out by applying the principle of historicism, comparative historical, problem-chronological, biographical and descriptive methods.

The research results demonstrate that, in order to prevent human trafficking, individuals, families, and communities with anti-slavery attitude created preconditions for the formation of a large-scale institutionalized system that stretched from the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario east to the Atlantic coast, south to Florida and the Caribbean, and west to the border enclaves of Kansas, Texas, and Mexico.

On the basis of the research results, it has been concluded that the term «Underground Railroad», although it does not reflect the specifics of its activities, denotes a very real historical phenomenon. The organization and activities of the Underground Railroad became an important component in the difficult task of eradicating slavery in the United States.

The relevance. Issues related to the forming healthy lifestyle in younger schoolchildren are especially relevant nowadays. Despite the availability of available works on this issue, there are practically no studies that reflect the ethno-cultural aspect in the process of forming a healthy lifestyle in primary school conditions. Primary education is one of the most significant stages in the development of a personality that develops in a particular social environment. That is why modern education should form the level of valeological knowledge of students, taking into account the above mentioned facts.

The target setting. In spite of the existing works on this issue, there are practically no studies reflecting the ethnocultural aspect in the process of developing healthy lifestyle in primary school conditions.

The purpose of the research is to identify the ethnocultural potential that influences the formation of healthy lifestyle in primary schoolchildren.

During the research process a questionnaire was used, which was compiled on the basis of research by ethnoeducators. It was aimed at identifying knowledge about a healthy lifestyle based on the Kalmyk ethnoculture among primary schoolchildren. The dynamics of changes in the level of formation of knowledge about a healthy lifestyle in junior schoolchildren has been analyzed, taking into account ethnocultural material. The ethnocultural potential in the process of forming a healthy lifestyle has been reflected, which expands the valeological knowledge of primary school students. The results of the study show that ethnocultural potential has a certain impact on the systematization of knowledge about health and healthy lifestyles of students.

The relevance of the research. Blogs and video blogs have recently gained popularity as integral part of university courses in teaching English as a foreign language (EFL). The reason can be seen in the fact that modern technologies have become inseparable from the daily routine of the younger generation.

The target setting. Social networks and video hosting platforms are presumed to be integrated into the educational process. EFL teachers face the need to turn these entertainment means into effective educational tools designed to solve specific learning tasks.

The purpose of the research is to consider ways of using video blogs (vlogs) in teaching EFL at a non-linguistic university; to evaluate prons and cons of popular internet sources which make possible uploading students’ projects in the format of video blogs; to describe and present types of video blogging tasks successfully used by teachers of NNSU named after Lobachevsky when working with non-linguistic students, to evaluate the efficiency and practicability of blogging in teaching EFL.

The Research methods. The authors resorted to such methods as pedagogical literature review and analysis, observing the practical application of video blogging in teaching EFL in the nonlinguistic university environment, questionnaire, synthesizing the data gained.

The Conclusions. Integration of vlogs into the process of teaching EFL at a non-linguistic university has a positive impact on learners’ motivation. Also, it fosters a greater range of opportunities for out-of-class language practice.

Currently, e-learning content has become firmly established in the practical activities of university teachers. A lot of research is devoted to substantiating the possibilities of distance learning as a new format of education in the era of the digital revolution. The research problem is increasing the effectiveness of using online courses in the educational process of a university. The purpose of the research is to substantiate the possibilities of using online courses in the educational practice of universities as relevant content of a digital service. To achieve this goal, theoretical research methods were used (analysis, synthesis, differentiation, generalization, description), as well as methods of visual representation. The research results: the authors of the article have clarified the concept of «online course», determined the relationship between the categories «e-learning», «distance learning», «online learning», and considered a model of the structure of the online course; the advantages of using online courses for universities have been presented; The negative and positive aspects of the use of online courses by teachers in the educational process have been identified, and taking into account the analysis of experience accumulated in teaching practice, the most optimal options for using online courses at a university have been presented. Key conclusions: an online course is understood as e-learning content, which is an educational and methodological resource for conducting educational activities in the discipline; the optimal use of online courses in a mixed format (in combination with traditional classroom work). The orientation of universities towards the use of online courses in educational practice corresponds to current global trends in education.

The article examines the importance of folklore works for the social development of younger adolescents in the activities of a social teacher. The relevance of the research is due to various social changes that have a direct positive or negative impact on the development of a personality. The most significant period of social development is adolescence, which is sensitive to expanding social space and increasing the number of social contacts of a teenager. In this connection, it is necessary to search for technologies with high pedagogical potential, which have enormous educational, cognitive, social, aesthetic, and developmental significance in the education and upbringing of young adolescents, which have a direct or indirect impact on their social development. The purpose of the research was to study the pedagogical possibilities of folklore works in the social development of younger adolescents in the activities of a social teacher. The author has analyzed the scientific literature on the investigated problem, which became the basis for the methodology of the research. Using theoretical research methods (analytical methods (analysis and synthesis), the method of generalization and structuring of scientific material), the high significance of the use of folklore works in the social development of young adolescents and its high pedagogical potential in the activities of a social teacher have been proven. It has been proved that pedagogical functions of folklore works can be realized, which significantly increases the social competencies of adolescents.

The article discusses the relevance of digital transformation in the learning process in higher educational institutions. The authors of the article have identified the problem of digital transformation of higher education and established contradictions between the continuous increase in the requirement for the availability of various forms of education (blended, hybrid, distance learning) and the quality of professional training of students. The authors have identified the main problems associated with transformation in the field of modern education: the phenomenon of «clip thinking», the crisis of text culture. The purpose of the research is to identify the pros and cons of digital education at a university by analyzing the use of digital technologies in the design of new educational material. The method of theoretical analysis and pedagogical modeling have been used in the research. The authors have concluded that teachers have an ambiguous attitude towards digitalization in Pedagogy: on the one hand, it negatively affects the education system, on the other, on the contrary, it has a positive effect. In conclusion, the results of the study have shown that teaching students general academic skills in the context of the digital transformation of a university environment will improve the quality of the learning process and significantly improve the professional preparation of students.

Currently, the Russian Federation is faced with unprecedented geopolitical challenges, which necessitates a special military operation. As a result, a research problem emerged in the form of a significant difference between the level of patriotism in the Russian society in general and among youth in particular. Educational work, as an element of the pedagogical system, is one of the most effective tools at the present time, capable of influencing the value orientations of modern youth, forming personal attitudes in terms of developing pride of their country and readiness to defend its interests.

The purpose of the research is to identify problems in the system of patriotic education of modern youth in the context of the special military operation, and to propose main directions for correcting this process. The methodological basis of the research is represented by the use of the following research methods: study of scientific literature, analysis, synthesis, description.

The research results. It has been revealed that there are certain problems in the field of patriotic education of modern youth in the context of the special military operation. The state should pay noticeably more attention to the issues of patriotic education of modern youth, primarily through interaction in the educational environment. The main tool in this context should be pedagogical activity during the implementation of the educational process, both during classroom work and extracurricular work.

Key conclusions: Patriotic education of the younger generation should become one of the main tasks and priorities for the development of pedagogical science at its current stage of development. Patriotic education of modern youth in the context of a special military operation must be carried out with mandatory consideration of the entire complex of individual psychological characteristics of students.

The relevance of the research is due to the increased interest and need of specialists of various categories in studying the problems of patriotic education in the modern sociocultural situation. The problem of the research is to conduct a scientometric analysis of dissertation research containing the category «patriotic education» in their titles. The purpose of the research is to show the main directions of research activities to reveal the content of the main category – «patriotic education». The objectives of the study are to show the role of scientometric analysis as a quantitative assessment of the characteristics of dissertation research, the dynamics of presenting problems of patriotic education in the titles of dissertations, to draw conclusions for further study of this problem and to determine the possibilities of the direction of this work.

The research methodology consisted of a set of methods of scientific knowledge: scientometric analysis, synthesis, generalization. The research results. The article, based on the scientometric method, has examined dissertation topics containing the category «patriotic education» in their titles, presented in the section «Authors’ abstracts of dissertations» of the Unified Electronic Resource of the Russian State Library, which has made it possible to record given semantic units of the studied scientific and pedagogical content and carry out their scientometric analysis, design of further relevant research. Key findings. Quantitative analysis and substantive content of the thematic clusters presented in the article allow us to conclude that the process is not intensive, orderly and methodologically supported, and requires further and comprehensive study in the theoretical, methodological and practice-oriented field.

The Russian society is characterized by the process of forming a new system for educating the younger generation, the core of which is the development of an active citizenship position. The global geopolitical situation poses a whole range of tasks for the education system related to the development of new content of education based on deepening civil law education. Therefore, recently in domestic Pedagogy a certain strategic guideline has emerged for studying issues of civic-patriotic education of the younger generation.

The problem of the research is to substantiate the features of education for citizenship in modern scientific and pedagogical research. Solving this problem is the goal of our research.

The methodological basis of the research is based on socio-pedagogical concepts of civic education, the use of scientific methods (theoretical analysis of scientific literature, normative documents, products of teachers’ activities; descriptions; interpretation; generalizations).

The research results: conceptual models of citizenship in some countries have been described; the essence of the phenomenon «Russian patriotism» has been revealed; aspects of citizenship education in modern pedagogical discourse have been outlined.

Key conclusions: 1) in the scientific literature, four models of citizenship have been revealed: American, British, German and Russian; 2) the core of the concept of «citizenship» is the presence among citizens of a particular country of a number of personal qualities as personal results of educational activities; 3) the pedagogical content of citizenship is associated with the justification of this term as a subject of educational activity; highlighting the totality of civic qualities as personal results of educational activities; creation of a nurturing educational environment; teachers’ possession of the necessary competencies that allow them to carry out this work

The problem of citizenship of the population has been one of the main problems of civilized countries for a number of centuries. In modern geopolitical conditions in the Russian Federation this problem has acquired a special scientific and pedagogical status, which is supported by a number of legislative and public initiatives. The implementation of the strategy outlined by the state for the formation of citizenship among the younger generation will be facilitated by a complex of pedagogical influences in different educational environments. This circumstance has made it possible to formulate a scientific problem, which consists in the need for a theoretical substantiation of the definition of «citizenship» as a pedagogical category. The purpose of the research is to theoretically substantiate the essence of the category «citizenship» as a subject of pedagogical discourse based on the ideas of humanitarian knowledge. To achieve this goal, the following methods have been used: analysis of scientific literature and regulatory documents, generalization, synthesis, logical modeling.

The research results: scientific facts have been identified that reflect the features of approaches to substantiating the category of «citizenship»; the components of citizenship as a pedagogical category have been substantiated; the high significance of the pedagogical approach in comparison with existing approaches in the interpretation of the category under consideration has been proven.

Key conclusions: «citizenship» has a diverse interpretation in modern humanitarian knowledge, most extrapolated in sociological and pedagogical research; the structural components of citizenship as a pedagogical category are cognitive, emotional, motivational-need, activity-based, and the result of its formation in young people is civic maturity. The system-forming factor in substantiating the concept of citizenship is the pedagogical approach, which forms the foundation of the substantiation, because lays down the vector and mechanisms for its formation in all institutions of socialization of the individual at all levels of education.

In accordance with the educational standards of the Federal State Educational Standard for Secondary Professional Education, it is intended to familiarize students of professional educational organizations with the properties of radioactive radiation, their practical applications, as well as with some concepts of dosimetry and protection from such radiation.

The relevance of this research can be debated for a very long time. But in light of recent events it is obvious.

A thorough mastery of all this material is impossible without studying the law of radioactive decay and the law of absorption of radiation.

The research problem: the law of radioactive decay and the law of absorption of radiation are expressed using the exponential function N=N_0 e^(-λt) and i=Ie^(-μχ) and are usually not presented in the course of Physics in secondary specialized educational institutions. At best, an appropriate schedule is drawn, but without justification. It seems that this is caused by two reasons: firstly, when writing the exponent function, the base of natural logarithms is used – the number e, which is unknown to intermediate students; secondly, the above laws are usually derived by solving differential equations, which is far beyond the scope of the mathematics curriculum. Meanwhile, both of these difficulties can be easily overcome by using the properties of the exponential function known to students of secondary vocational education.

The purpose of the research is to develop a methodology for deriving the law of radioactive decay and the law of radiation absorption, using the properties of the exponential function; to conduct a pedagogical experiment in order to identify the problem of students’ mastery of the proposed material.

The research methods used are theoretical justification; calculation; comparison of quantities; graphical analysis of experimental data; generalization of the experimental factors of the study and their explanation.

The research results: a methodology has been developed for deriving the law of radioactive decay and the law of radiation absorption using the property of the exponential function; the result of the pedagogical experiment confirmed the effectiveness of the developed methodology.

Key conclusions: from the proposed article we can conclude that the presented method for deriving the law of radioactive decay and the law of absorption of radiation using the property of the exponent function can be used by teachers when studying the section «Radioactive Radiation» for both students of professional educational organizations and school students (advanced level).

The research is determined by the fact that the role of social movements in the modern world is increasing due to the deterioration of the socio-economic and political situations. Today, the global economic crisis has a negative impact on the condition of the most vulnerable segments of the population. The global community sees the potential in volunteer organizations to provide assistance where it is urgently needed: from healthcare to emergency response. The problem of the research is that volunteering turned out to be a new phenomenon that requires legal and public support for Russia in the post-Soviet period. In the research the methods of sociocultural analysis were used based on scientific literature and regulatory sources, statistical data on the work of volunteer organizations in Russia, both at federal and regional levels. The key conclusion is the need for public recognition and financial incentives for non-profit public organizations involved in volunteering. The state must regulate the legal framework for the activities of NPOs, develop and adopt a unified set of legal norms for application at the federal and regional levels of government. At the same time, it cannot be denied that volunteer movements are already playing one of the cool roles in the formation of patriotism, socially oriented consciousness and the education of the younger generation.

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the search for the reasons for the unsatisfactory practice of building social partnerships in the law enforcement sphere. The main problem of the current state of affairs, according to the author, is the presence of an axiological barrier in the minds of the intended subjects of interaction: internal affairs bodies and public law enforcement organizations. The length of time it takes to overcome the axiological barrier, as well as the lack of progressive dynamism in building an effective system, are burdened by a lack of understanding of the nature of the phenomenon of social partnership. This circumstance contributed to the dominance of a predominantly normative basis for mobilizing the movement of «social activists» and predetermined the administrative-command methods of stimulating public activity «from above.» This has given rise to simulation and over-centralized practices that exclude the value content of the communication process, initiative, interest, independence, personal responsibility and other mandatory attributes of a partner form of interaction.

The purpose of the research is to determine the essential characteristics of social partnership, systematization and accounting of which will allow us to propose a conceptual basis for its formation in the law enforcement sphere. The research method is abstract situation modeling where the development of partnerships is analyzed through a system-activity approach. It makes possible to study both the systemic properties of social partnership and the specifics of the activity content of the analyzed model, which generates successful joint actions of subjects in the process of building a social partnership.

The results and key conclusions of the research have made it possible to describe the essential features of the partnership form of interaction, present the author’s definition of social partnership in the law enforcement sphere and propose the main directions for its activation in order to build truly partnership practices.

The article is devoted to the development of theoretical and methodological foundations for studying the problems of developing social resources of territorial communities. The relevance of the research is due to the social order formed in modern society for the effective and optimal use of the social resources available in the territory as the basis for development. The purpose of the research is to determine theoretical and methodological foundations for studying the problems of developing social resources of territorial communities. Theoretical substantiation and research methods were laid by the works of domestic and foreign sociologists who substantiated the importance of the resource approach for the development of socio-economic systems. The application of system analysis made it possible to reveal the interdependence of the development of social resources and the territory. The totality of the components of the social resources of an individual, proposed by V.A. Yadov, most meaningfully reflects the targets of this research. In this regard, it has been proposed to use this material for the formation of sociological tools for obtaining primary information (questionnaires). The use of statistical data makes it possible to obtain an objective idea of the state of the environment and the main trends in territorial development. The systematization of factual and evaluative data has significant potential, which will be realized as part of the construction of a research construct. Summarizing, it can be said that the complexity and diversity of the concept of «social resources» is projected onto the process of forming the methodological foundations of the research. A systematic approach allows us to turn to the analysis of subjective and objective data and compare the received materials. Relying on the resource approach, it is possible to formulate measures to improve the development efficiency of both the territorial community as a whole and individual component of social resources.