In the late XX - early XXI centuries the problem of finding resources for the development of the human society is becoming more and more urgent. In previous historical epochs, this problem was solved by capturing the territories of their neighbors by large and powerful states, in modern times through colonial expansion into the countries of the East, the North and the South America. At present times these possibilities have been exhausted, and in the foreseeable future plant and mineral resources will be largely depleted. In these conditions the ruling elites of the leading countries of the world are in their search for development resources focused at revealing the inexhaustible wealth - the intellectual potential of a person. In this context, the creation of a harmonious and efficiently functioning education system of any human society becomes crucial. The purpose of the research is to analyze the basic principles, development stages, the main stages of the educational system of Japan, as well as the main achievements and problems. The article examines not only the structural elements of the Japanese educational system, from preschool institutions to higher educational institutions, but also the ideological background and motivation of both Japanese schoolchildren and students to study hard. Special emphasis is placed on the unshakable principles of Japanese pedagogy and, of course, national cultural traditions.

The article considers the category of trauma as a specific object of interdisciplinary research, and identifies the signs of historical trauma. Historical trauma is understood as the preserved memory of generations about social upheavals and events that disrupted the usual course of life and transformed the system of basic values. The scientific objectives of the research involved analysis of the events that took place on the territory of the closed administrative and territorial formations of the nuclear industry in the 1990s and can be characterized as a historical trauma. The breakdown of the usual way of life in the determined, artificially created environment of closed cities which was more painful than in a significant part of open cities became the consequence of the all-Russian transient transformational dynamics. The characteristics of the period on the part of the population of atomic cities were often accompanied by themes of physical and domestic survival and social tension. The events that have taken the meanings of trauma place can be described as representing historical significance and having in the collective consciousness. On this basis, the author has concluded that the study of the post-Soviet history of closed administrative-territorial formations of the nuclear industry through the prism of trauma research opens up new perspectives in understanding their development.

Investigation of the reasons for the failure of the struggle of various political forces against Bolshevism during the Civil War is always relevant, since in the subsequent years of the Soviet power, all the peoples of the USSR paid a high price for their mistakes and failures. The article examines the relationship between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, and, first of all, their striking force “Volunteer Army”. The aim of the research is to identify the reasons for the failure of the creation of a unified anti-Bolshevik bloc between Azerbaijan and the “Volunteer Army” in 1919 - early 1920s. In the study the author used such methods as the method of comparing facts, generalization, analysis and synthesis, etc. As a result of studying the issue on the basis of archival and other published sources, it has been revealed that it was the slogan of the white movement about the restoration of the old Russia within the borders of 1914 that repulsed the national republics, including Azerbaijan from cooperation with it. As a result, both white and national movements were defeated by the Bolsheviks and disappeared from the historical arena.

The article uses new documentary sources and special literature and examines the participation of a Dagestani woman in the social and political life of the Republic in 1945-1950. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to study the role of women in the post-war reconstruction of the state national economy. The author aims to show the increased role of women in the post-war reconstruction of the national economy. The active participation of women in all spheres of life was associated, first of all, with an acute shortage of men in the post-war period, because many died on the war fronts, and among the returnees there were many disabled people who could work. Hereinafter, the participation of women in the socio-political, socio-economic and cultural life in the post-war period was in great demand. Women replaced men in almost all areas of economic life. The conducted research allows the author to show the peculiarities of the development of female activity in the Republic in 1945-1950.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, a great Russian doctor, a surgeon received world fame and universal recognition. December 5, 2021 marks the 140th anniversary of the death of the great son of his fatherland. Nikolai Ivanovich left a rich scientific heritage, which is relevant and in demand today, both for medical and historical science. The article examines one of the most important stages of his medical activity - an expedition to the theater of military operations in the Caucasus, which influenced the revision of a number of principles of military field surgery. Based on the well-known works of N.I. Pirogov, as well as biographical research, the process of the birth of new theoretical positions in military field surgery is traced. In the Caucasus he not only successfully tested the use of ether anesthesia in the field, but he clearly faced all the problems of field surgery and the ineffectiveness of the existing methods of solving them. In the conclusion, it is noted that as a man of genius, Nikolai Ivanovich possessed a sensitive mind, objects and phenomena that ordinary people pass by gave him great ideas. So his attentiveness and insight allowed him to see the prospects for solving important problems of field surgery in the methods of medical treatment of the Caucasian mountaineers: primary amputation and the choice of tactics for treating wounds.

The education sector is one of the priority areas in the Russian modernization at the present stage of development. In the conditions of multinational Russia, the question of its national component becomes especially urgent. Taking into account the understanding of the development of an acceptable state policy and the impossibility of neglecting the historical experience of previous eras, in particular the experience of the Russian Empire, the article attempts to consider issues related to the functioning of national schools in the context of the policy of Russification of the periphery using the example of one of the ethnic groups - the Jewish population. The article is devoted to the analysis of the creation of a system of national schools through the introduction of the Russian language in the conditions of the functioning of an extensive network of educational institutions of a religious type in the conditions of overdue modernization in the empire. Dagestan has been chosen as a geographic area for the research as a region where the Mountain Jews historically lived. The chronological framework of the study focuses on the period of the turn of the XIX - early XX centuries, which is explained by attempts to monopolize the Russian educational system and the introduction of restrictive measures in relation to the ethno-confessional school. Such a study, as an experience of the state policy of the Russian Empire on the organization of education for various ethnic groups, makes it possible to identify the positive and negative aspects in the process under consideration, which will allow to avoid the repetition of similar mistakes in the new Russia in the future. Official documentary materials stored in the funds of the central and local archives of the Russian Federation, memoirs, materials from periodicals have been used in the research.

The situation associated with the coronavirus pandemic has greatly changed the life of every person and society as a whole over the past two years. Self-isolation and remote operation as means to contain the spread of infection have prompted the search for new ways to implement various types of activities, which were previously carried out mainly in full-time format. Digital technologies and tools have come to the rescue, which at the time of the pandemic were in demand only in certain areas and were not so widespread. In the current difficult conditions, digital transformations, which began even before the pandemic in all spheres of public life, including education, have greatly accelerated. Understanding the changes taking place in education, assessing their impact on the interaction of subjects of the pedagogical process and the effectiveness of training require analysis of domestic and foreign experience, available data in the field of using digital educational technologies, and the implementation of distance learning. The research problem is the use of distance learning in the system of university training of specialists. The purpose of the research is to analyze and systematize the experience of the transition of universities to distance learning, to study the preliminary results of large-scale application of digital technologies and online learning in universities. The research methods used are analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, questioning, conversation. The research base is FSBEI HE “Maykop State Technological University” and FSBEI HE “Adygh State University”. The results of the research are the following: studies on the problem of transition to distance learning in the context of university training have been analyzed; the attitude of the subjects of the educational process to interaction in a new format has been studied, the most convenient digital technologies and tools for teaching have been identified; the advantages and disadvantages of using the distance format in the educational process have been revealed. The key findings: distance technologies make it possible to make education accessible to certain categories of students (for example, for people with disabilities who are in forced isolation as a result of the spread of COVID-19), expand the format of self-education, and provide professional training at a qualitatively different level; a complete transition to a distance learning format reduces the quality and efficiency of the learning process, since new tools do not have the potential that is inherent in traditional tools. The combination of distance learning with traditional, full-time education has more opportunities to meet the challenges facing modern education.

Children living in boarding institutions are deprived of the possibility of mastering the social roles of family life, which complicates the entry into an adult self-life, creates difficulties in creating and maintaining a family, so the issues of preparing this category of children to family life are relevant and socially requested. The purpose of the research is to test experimentally the program of training orphan college students for family life. The research tasks are to familiarize with the basic concepts of socio-moral, motivational, psychological and pedagogical readiness for family life; to form the skills of interpersonal interaction in the family, a conscious attitude towards the education of future children. Methodology and methods of the research: the provisions on the preparation of children to family life, the psychological characteristics of orphans, the peculiarities of education in the conditions of the boarding school formed the theoretical basis of the study. The following methods were used: test card certificate of readiness for family life by I.F. Yunda, a modified self-esteem test of N.P. Fetyskin “Gradusnik”, observation, conversation. The results: The results of the study indicate the positive dynamics of the formation of the necessary skills and skills of family life, psychological readiness for the construction of family relations, the implementation of socio-role functions. Key findings: The preparation of orphans for family life should be made specially organized and focused. The assimilation of the main conceptual concepts of socio-moral, motivational, psychological and pedagogical readiness for family life has made it possible to expand the submission of students on the personal aspects of readiness for family life. The formed skills of interpersonal interaction in the family, an understanding of responsibility for the education of future children provide a more serious attitude to family creation and family life.

Historical and pedagogical analysis of self-control skill formation in the professional training of a musician based on pedagogical developments of outstanding teachers and scientific research in the field of professional medicine of musicians has been conducted. The article considers the importance of self-control in the performance of musicians at the stage of training. The purpose of the research is to obtain necessary scientific data for the further development of practical recommendations for the formation of self-control skills in the professional training of a musician. The relevance of the research is due to the currently pretended contradiction between the interest of pianists of various specializations, the attention of methodists, physicians, psychologists and insufficient awareness of musicians about the conducted studies, as well as the lack of interdisciplinary research in this area. In the research the following research methods were used: a holistic, structural analysis; analysis of substantive factual, meaningful-subtext, meaningful contextual information. As a result, the main trends in the interpretation of the role of self-control by teachers and musicians and specialists in the field of professional medicine of musicians have been identified; relevant recommendations for the development of self-control skill in the course of classes have been formulated; conclusions about the fundamental role of self-control skill in the process of professional training of young musicians have been made.

The objective process of expanding application of digital technologies, significantly accelerated and enhanced by the pandemic, has identified a number of promising directions in training both within the framework of university educational programs and in the postgraduate development system of competences. Among adequate education formats the so-called MOOCs are allocated - mass open online courses, which have become particularly popular in the conditions of insulation of people caused by the coronavirus pandemic. The problem: reformatting educational material in order to transfer it to a remote type with the use of educational technologies of e-learning - interactive elements, various media formats, etc. The purpose of the research is to show the possibility of transferring online management personnel to the skills of the application of the principles and instruments of Lean production based on the developed mass open course in order to master the lean technologies, if necessary, the translation of the educational process into electronic form in the pandemic period. The research methods used are critical analysis of pedagogical, psychological and regulatory sources, design, modeling, systematization. The research results are the following: the article shows the practical possibility of digital transformation of the learning process and lean production tools in a remote form on the basis of mass open online courses conducted in the pandemic period with the help of an electronic information educational environment of the University. The tasks of the online course and its structure are also given, experience has been described with training groups of employees of manufacturing divisions and administrative workers, whose heterogeneity requires special attention, the process and peculiarities of transfer of lean production teaching to the online format have been described. Key findings: training in the online format allows to improve special knowledge in a convenient form, to acquaint employees with corporate values and strengthen the competitive advantages of an organization by forming an excellently prepared team, armed with lean production skills.

The relevance of the research is due to the need for formation and development of economic thinking among medical students in the implementation of the modern educational paradigm, implying a competence based approach to higher education and compliance of educational programs to the world quality standards. In the implementation of the Federal state educational standard of higher medical education the problem of economic competencies formation in medical students is relevant. Updating the competence based approach to teaching economic disciplines in medical higher educational institutions, as well as expansion of forms and teaching methods, taking into account the above mentioned competencies will facilitate the decision of this problem. The purpose of the research is to update the competence based approach to teaching economic disciplines to medical students. In the research the following methods were used: formalized analysis, analytical method, systematization method and data synthesis. The results of the research: the authors have created a list of competencies to implement in the process of teaching economic disciplines to medical students, as well as systematized and actualized active and passive methods of teaching economic disciplines in accordance with the competence based approach. Key findings: Modernization of higher education, taking into account the requirements of Federal state educational standards of new generations, also entails adapting the principles of competences of future specialists to a dynamically developing external environment. The proposed list of competencies can be used by teachers of specialized departments of higher educational institutions in the process of drawing up working programs of disciplines and directly in teaching economic disciplines in order to improve the quality of the educational process.

Digitalization changes the values and spheres of the existing industries. Technological achievements caused by the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0) are developing incredibly fast, changing the image of our life, work and functioning of society as a whole. Artificial intelligence, robotics, Big Data and Internet of things in aggregate affect the labor market and the economy as a whole. Future employees should be well trained not only in new technologies, but, which is equally important, but in values related to the use of these technologies and should have such qualities as creativity, flexibility and adaptability.In order to take full advantage of the opportunities opened by advanced technologies, a similar revolution in education is needed for the successful training of specialists with new necessary competencies. It is these factors that determine the relevance of the research. As a result of the digital evolution, a new educational model Education 4.0 has appeared, which has been developed in response to Industry 4.0. The problem of the research is to disclose actual aspects of the implementation of Education 4.0 approach. For the successful implementation of the new model a clear understanding of the features of Education 4.0 is needed, its main characteristics, in addition, the adaptation of the practice of teaching to the changed requirements is needed. The aim of the research is to study the features of the new approach to learning, Education 4.0, and analyze its main characteristics. The research methods used are analysis, synthesis, induction, abstraction. The research results: approaches to modern education in the light of Industry 4.0 have been considered, the characteristics of Education 4.0 have been analyzed, such as learning personalization, expanding distance learning capabilities, many educational instruments, project training, simple and accurate estimation, availability of analytical data, mentoring, field experience), Possible ways of forming new competencies and skills in the learning process have been proposed. The key findings: for the successful implementation of Education 4.0 approach in terms of Industry 4.0, it is necessary to change the practice of teaching in accordance with the new requirements for the formation of competencies, the article defines the possible ways of forming such skills as global skills, innovation and creativity skills, technological skills and interpersonal communications kills, which are basic ones in Education 4.0.

In the conditions of the aggravated epidemiological situation, the problem of high-quality training of specialists in the context of distance learning arises. Systematic approach to the formation of standard requirements for the discipline in the context of distance learning makes it advisable to create training modules that allow providing students with knowledge in difficult social conditions and forming key competencies, demonstrating interdisciplinary ties, which is relevant in modern conditions of the educational process. The article discusses the organization of distance learning based on the principle of block-modular technology, taking into account the competence-based approach. The aim of the research is to describe the technology of distance learning based on the competence modules in a training course using an electronic educational environment. The study used the methods of analyzing available sources on the use of distance technologies in educational organizations and generalizing the pedagogical experience of using modern teaching methods. The results of the research consist in analyzing the organization of distance learning based on the creation of competence modules, organizational and pedagogical conditions for the effectiveness of the implementation of a competence-based training module in distance learning. The key conclusions: the technology of organizing distance learning based on the competence blocks, which provides interdisciplinary communication and practice-oriented learning, has been described. The materials of the research can be used as the basis for the development of training courses for the development of educational material and key competencies on the basis of practice-oriented tasks that ensure the successful development of the work program.

The article considers the origins and the process of pianism in China. The relevance of the presented research is due to the contradiction that has developed in musical performance in China between the interest of pianists of various specializations, the attention of teacher-methodologists to the process of the formation of playing the piano, and the lack of awareness of musicians about the research in this area. The main emphasis is placed on the period from the middle of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century. The leading problem of piano culture in China in the period under study has been revealed: the discrepancy between the high level of development of technical skills and the level of development of the musical thinking of pianists. The characteristics of the activities of the most famous composers - representatives of the piano art of China have been offered. The article analyzes the influence of the piano work of European composers and musicians on the development of piano Pedagogy in China.The purpose of the research is to obtain the necessary scientific data for the further development of practical recommendations for studying the process of pianism in China. In the research the following methods were used: a holistic, structural analysis of the associative manifestations of the rich imaginative structure of the music of Chinese composers; analysis of various methods of learning to play the piano. As a result, the main trends in piano teaching in China have been revealed; actual recommendations for the development of the culture of piano performance have been formulated. The key findings. Learning to play the piano in China as a system for the development of musical thinking is built taking into account the ideas of the ancient philosophy of China. At the same time, there is a combination of national techniques in the musical pedagogy of China, and European “teaching techniques” of teaching playing the piano.

Historically, entrepreneurship has been the exclusive prerogative of men, and Russia is no exception with its traditional distribution of social and family roles and statuses. Over the past century, a big step forward has been made in achieving gender equality, as a result of which modern women entrepreneurs have begun to play an important role in the structure of the Russian business community. Despite the achieved results, women entrepreneurs continue to face universal specific problems in running business: gender stereotypes; vertical and horizontal occupational segregation; double employment in connection with the birth and upbringing of children. The aim of the article is to identify the main motives of women entrepreneurs to start their own business. The main research method was a formalized interview; the search for informants was carried out by the “snowball” method. The study was involved women living in Saratov region aged of 32-69 years, who have owned their own business for at least three years. Research results: it was found, that the main motives of women’s entrepreneurship include changes in material, social and personal status through upward social mobility; increasing the level and quality of family members’ lives; the improvement of professional skills and the realization of human potential. The factors hindering the development of women’s entrepreneurship are the lack of material and financial resources; lack of professional education; high risks in a situation of instability; personal factors.

Distance learning has been one of the integral trends in the development of the modern educational system, representing a set of new ways of transferring information, innovative methods of interaction between teachers and students. Distance education, which has emerged as a way of providing equal opportunities to all potential participants in the educational process, is a source of new problems, which predetermines the relevance of the research. The purpose of the research is to identify the most important moral and ethical problems, including those that have worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic, which has become a serious challenge for the global educational system. The research methods used are analysis, analogy, generalization. The experience of remote work of MSTU teachers in the pandemic period is also in demand. The results: the article highlights the main ethical threats associated with online education, which are distributed according to the nature and degree of impact on the learning process. The key findings: the moral and ethical aspect of distance education is one of the most important in the gradual transition to a new teaching format. These problems became especially acute in the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, during which the forced and accelerated introduction of distance learning into pedagogical practice has been carried out, which revealed the vulnerability of entire regions and categories of the population. The experience of the education system in the pandemic requires deep study and generalization to adjust the methods and rates of innovative processes in modern Pedagogy, as well as to clarify the place, nature and importance of distance learning in the educational system.

The article considers the problems of choosing the optimal management style of service teams and improving management personnel in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation. The aim of the research is to study the relationship between the management style and the socio-psychological climate in the team as the basis for the effectiveness of the operational and service activities of the Internal Affairs Bodies. The authors have summarized current scientific and practical research in the field of management style. The classical typology of management styles by K. Levin has been analyzed, which made it possible to develop the most effective leadership style in the internal affairs bodies, ensuring the achievement of the necessary results in the management of collectives. The theoretical material is supplemented with empirical data obtained in the course of annual studies of the socio-psychological climate in the teams of the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Opinion polls of police officers have showed that the highest degree of satisfaction with the service is experienced by those of them who work under the leadership of a democrat leader, focused not only on the performance, but also on creating favorable conditions for the activities of the entire team. The direct dependence of the socio-psychological climate on the management style chosen by the leader has been proved. It has been concluded that it is necessary to implement the mechanisms of the formation of an effective management style existing in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. For current leaders, it is advisable to envisage an in-depth study of the problem in the classroom for service training, for future leaders - as part of an additional professional program for professional retraining of employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia included in the personnel reserve.

The article notes that the large-scale transformations of the social system taking place in recent years inevitably affect the functioning of institutions, subsystems, the nature of social phenomena and processes, including significant impact on social conflict. Acting as an attributive characteristic of the society, the conflict is determined by the state of the social system itself, for example, it can become a consequence of its accelerated innovative development. According to many theoretical concepts of conflict, the factors of its determination are profound changes, as well as dysfunctions of the social system as a whole, its individual elements, etc. This is precisely the situation that is objectively developing in the transforming society of the 21st century. The formation of a new image of post-industrial society occurs under the influence of information and communication factors that go far beyond the narrow framework of the socio-technical environment and must be analyzed in the system of socio-cultural, civilizational coordinates. New elements of the social system replace the old ones, inevitably producing risks of innovative development. That is why the current conditions of the transforming society should be regarded as risky in terms of the genesis and development of conflicts. The current situation enhances the relevance of sociological knowledge of the conflict in the new conditions of the post-industrial society.

The article considers various aspects of a sociological study on the preferences of the population in fashionable clothes. Based on the well-known scientific literature on fashion as a social phenomenon, Remarks have been made on the need for reconsidering some theoretical position in the post-industrial era, as most of the public life is transferred to the media space, the Internet, and the way celebrities dress becomes the object of intent attention of the mass audience. It has been pointed out that the modern information age has changed the ratio of the importance of individuals by gender in the direction of some increase in the status of the social category of women in public relations, but at the same time their need for self-presentation through fashionable clothes has not decreased. It has been substantiated that applied sociological research in order to study preferences in fashionable clothes of different categories of society can clearly illustrate many characteristics of social life, such as economic, activity, psychological, ideological, etc. Also, the level of interest in fashion can indirectly inform about the level of social consolidation, or the abnormal state of society. In addition to the analysis of theoretical sources, a sociological survey method has been used in the form of a questionnaire (100 women of two age categories have been interviewed). The survey included questions about their preferences for clothing styles in everyday life and about the interest in aesthetics in the clothing of media persons. One of the main results of research is the conclusion that the respondents’ conscious attitude to fashion illustrates a high level of their socialization and socially active attitude to life.

The relevance of the research topic consists in solving the scientific and practical problem of integrating migrants into the host community. The purpose of the research is to identify the role of physical culture and sports in the social integration of migrants. The methodology of the research is presented by the theories of assimilation of migrants with the local population; multiculturalism as the idea of the existence of a multinational state; transnationalism implemented in the conditions of globalization, informatization and digitalization of the society. The research methods used are content analysis of documents; analysis of statistical data, secondary analysis of sociological data, comparative analysis. The novelty of the research issue lies in the critical understanding of the advantages and limitations of physical training and sports as tools for integrating migrants into host communities in foreign countries. The results of the research have been defined: the role of physical training and sports activities in the process of migrants’ integration based on the domestic and foreign research; the main approaches to the implementation of migration policy measures in world practice (assimilation, multiculturalism and transnationalism) as well as the assessment of its success, by using the Migrant Integration Index. The study allows us to draw a conclusion about the dual nature of the integration potential of physical culture and sports in the implementation of migration policy: on the one hand, it is a way of revealing socio-cultural capital, searching for additional opportunities for self-realization in a new socio-cultural environment, overcoming social isolation, eliminating barriers of social exclusion; on the other hand, it is a deterrent effect of migrants’ age, gender, ethnicity, religion, level of education, attitude to various sports and physical activity in the countries of entry and exit on the integration process.