Appeal to this research problem is due to the need for scientific and theoretical analysis of social and political processes occurring in the modern Russian state through the prism of revolutionary upheavals of the early 20th century and the increased interest of the scientific and general public to them in connection with the 100th anniversary of the 1917 October Revolution, the subsequent Civil War in a multinational country. In the article the author analyzes the tactics of compromises and alliances of the Bolsheviks on the eve of the October Revolution and the Civil War in Dagestan relying on the principles of objectivity and historicism and on the basis of the reliable factual material, the works of Russian historians. The author highlights regional features of the arrangement and activities of social and political forces in the period of the October Revolution in the province. A small number of Bolshevik organizations in the region and their weak influence on people that forced them to tack actively have been noted. The Bolsheviks widely used the tactics of compromises and alliances with non-proletarian petty-bourgeois and revolutionary-democratic organizations, representatives of the Muslim clergy and other social and political forces. Completing the analysis of the research problem, the author has made a reasoned conclusion about the role and importance of the tactics of compromises and unions of the Bolsheviks in the revolutionary process deepening and establishing Soviet power in a multinational region.

The article presents the analysis of sources on the history of Russian-Asian trade, the role of Eastern merchantry in it, published in the Russian press in the end of XVIII-beg. of XX centuries. Works on Economics and Statistics, memories of travelers and diplomats, history of Russian-Asian relations are valuable sources on the issue of justifying the political presence of the Russian Empire in the Asian region. That is especially important for the modern Russian statehood, as its geopolitical interests are also concentrated in this region. Statistical data (in particular, collection of “State Foreign Trade in Its Different Types”) and studies of contemporaries, published in the pre-revolutionary period, constitute a complex of historical sources and help to recreate an objective historical picture of the Russian-Asian trade relations. That is the purpose of our research. For its implementation we used general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, special historical ideographic and historical comparative research methods. When using them, we considered the principles of historicism and objectivism. As a result, we’ve come to the conclusion that the published Russian-language sources of the end of the XVIII-early XX centuries represent a very significant set of documents allowing to determine the rather significant role of Asian merchants in Russian-Asian trade and, as a result, determine the factors of Russian economic and political influence in the states of the East.

The article considers the issues of education in Folk Pedagogy and the identification of educational technologies that contribute to the formation of the normative type of a personality within these pedagogical institutions. Problems associated with human consciousness, its opposition to the surrounding natural and social world, self-identification, self-government, etc. occupy key position in the studies of the Humanities, various approaches, judgments, concepts, claiming the role of “theoretical” laws that can consistently describe the mechanisms of human consciousness as such, the study of Folk Pedagogy, namely, the Atalyk institute among the Adyghs. To solve the problems arising from it such theoretical and methodological approaches as the analysis of historical and ethnographic literature on a given social phenomenon, methods of analogy, induction, deduction and mathematical modeling are applied. A deep comprehensive study of the studied problem can make a serious positive contribution to the scientific study of Folk Pedagogy and the Atalyk institute provide an opportunity to establish the origins, determine the factors affecting the innovative specifics of functioning in different time periods of the Adygh people, and have knowledge of its individual directions and their common system-forming interdependent unity. Patterns that will help in finding functional parameters with the resulting formal signs of existence and leading to the formation of their structural integration in the educational process have been identified. This will contribute, as we think, to the establishment of the isomorphism (sameness) of the structure of the aggregate of elements that were a part of public institutions of various types. Knowledge of its individual directions and their general system of education and upbringing.

The article deals with the factor of intellectual teambuilding as a tool for effective team building and its orientation to the joint and coordinated implementation of communicative tasks in the process of teaching a foreign language. Teaching a foreign language in the mode of intellectual team building involves competent guidance of the teacher to ensure the development and improvement of skills of constructive communication in the format of a polylogue, improving reading skills and understanding of practice-oriented texts in the context of CLIL-technologies, as well as providing the basic elements of psychological and emotional comfort in the classroom, clear setting goals and determining methods for achieving them, involvement of trainees in joint coordinated work with the simultaneous development of integrative mechanisms and the potential of each student. The concept of polylogue and the role of the factor of team building in the process of improving the skills of oral speech, increasing motivation and providing high emotional tone classes. The role and position of the teacher is considered as a factor determining the nature of the relationship of students in the group. The importance of professional qualities of the teacher, a departure from the formal approach to the conduct of classes, the attitude to each student as a unique person are fundamental. The aspect of the organization of group interaction in the process of teaching foreign languages involves intensive contact between all members of the group with the teacher and each other, the cultivation of intra-group norms of relations, trust in communication, providing feedback of motivation, reducing the social distance, contributing to the ultimate goal of learning a foreign languagееducation of the subject of communication of a new generation. Analysis of the results of teaching a foreign language with the use of intellectual teambuilding allows us to say that this technique contributes to the activation of creative team thinking and effective learning of language material.

In the article the author points that in the coming years competition is expected in the market of educational services, and, above all, in the work of universities. These problems create difficulties for young people in choosing their future professional orientation. In order to address these and other issues, it becomes necessary to create a special educational exchange that serves as a tool for implementing a professional educational trajectory and imposes high requirements on the process of forming scientific and theoretical foundations of the study in the context of a professional educational route. Despite the fact that the attention of practical scientists and theorists to the problems of professional self-determination of young people is increasing, nevertheless, the effectiveness of vocational guidance work by educational organizations remains insufficiently investigated. The principles, components and tasks determining the success of their professional choice are presented by the author as elements of pedagogical support of adolescents. Diagnostics of professional preferences of adolescents can be realized through self-awareness, which provides for the study of adolescents' individual personality traits as part of a particular profession, as well as by assessing individual abilities, diagnosing professionally important personal qualities and their level of expression. Thus, the pedagogical support elements considered by the author will determine the success of adolescents' professional choice, namely, to acquire readiness for self-education, self-development, designing their own line of conduct, mastering high technologies, complex integrated knowledge, relevant competences, etc.

Cultural and leisure activities at a university is the most important component of educational work, the pedagogically expedient content and direction of which contributes to the creation of optimal conditions for the formation of a valuable attitude among students for future professional activity, development of general and professional culture, creative abilities, intellectual and leadership potential, and development of experience of organizing their life through participation in the preparation and conduct of various forms of student entertainment. Existing approaches to the organization of cultural and leisure activities, as a means of personal and professional development of students, do not adequately disclose fundamental positions of constructing technological process of leisure activities of a professional orientation, which raises the problem of actualizing the process of studying the organizational foundations of student-oriented cultural and leisure activities of student youth. Theoretical analysis and experimental research, which was based on a questionnaire survey, allowed the author to present data of a sociological survey reflecting the position of young professionals in the modern labor market; to determine the essence and content of a professionally-directed cultural and leisure activity as a means of professional and personal development of students, formation of an active personal and professional position as the most important condition for competitiveness in the socio-economic conditions of modern Russian society; to determine the principles of organization of a pedagogically expedient process of cultural and leisure activities at university, reflecting the focus on the formation of active life and professional position of students.

The goal of the article is to analyze the approaches of various authors to the selection of universal educational actions that are advisable to form in students in the process of teaching mathematics; analysis of approaches to definition of criteria and levels of their formation. The object of the research is the process of teaching mathematics to students of a basic secondary school. The subject: methods of forming and evaluating key universal educational activities of students of a basic secondary school in the process of teaching mathematics. The objectives: to formulate and substantiate the author's position to the definition of the concept of “key universal learning activities”, which are formed in the process of teaching mathematics; the actions included in their composition are listed; to present a criterion-level model of the formation of a C.UUD “information decoding”, consisting of the following levels: basic, advanced, high; criteria: motivational, cognitive, praxeological, reflexive and their indicators. A multidimensional spatial-level model is proposed, which vividly illustrates the dynamics of the formation of C.UUD from class to class. The conclusion has been formulated telling that the designated target component of the C.UUD formation methodology presented in this format has become the guiding vector for the development of the remaining components of the methodology for their formation in students of a basic secondary school when teaching mathematics.

The article addresses one of the urgent problems - transformation of higher education in the conditions of digitalization. The article discusses the main directions of digital transformation, which radically changes the economy, education and lifestyle in general. It’s been shown that digital technologies are necessary for the educational process but not sufficient for increasing the effectiveness of academic work. The demand for the ability to analyze systems, dissemination of ideas and methods of process management, the increase in the number of workplaces where skills are required to set tasks and formalize methods for solving them - all these factors makes it necessary to redefine traditional educational results during the digital transformation of education. Achieving this goal is especially important due to the spread of cloud computing, public high-speed Internet, with the widespread introduction of smart digital tools, the use of artificial intelligence methods and the widespread introduction of virtual reality technology. Introduction of digital technologies has been studied that provides an opportunity to improve education, allowing planning concrete steps to transform the work of universities, as well as to improve educational and educational work. In order to cope with the approaching challenges, the Russian education system should implement a digital transformation in the shortest possible time, move to a new model of organization of the educational process, using high-tech organizational, pedagogical and methodological solutions. It’s been proposed to develop and widely implement highly efficient and cost-effective digital technologies. At the same time, it is necessary to overcome technological digital gap existing in education. The novelty of the research approach consists in identifying the main directions of transformation of the educational process at a university in the conditions of digital economy. As a result of the analysis, the author has developed a conceptual vision of the essence, perspectives and possible consequences of the transformation of modern education, revealed the main directions for introducing digital technologies of the educational process based on the use of digital technologies.

The relevance of the topic is conditioned by the need to develop interdepartmental cooperation as the most important condition for the formation of the system of professionally-oriented cultural and leisure activities of students. The need to organize a professionally oriented cultural and leisure activity of students is determined, on the one hand, by the importance of this type of extracurricular activity in the development of personal and professional skills of young people in the process of their study at the university, on the other hand, by the lack of work reflecting the conditions for organizing cultural and leisure activities as factors of professional and personal development and self-improvement of students. The problem of the research lies in the following question: what are the conditions for improving the system of professionally-oriented cultural and leisure activities of students as a factor of their personal and professional development and self-improvement? The solution to this problem is the goal of the research. The basic method of the experimental part of the study was a questionnaire; its results confirmed the author's assumption about the problems that have arisen in the process of interdepartmental interaction between the subjects of an organization of professional-oriented cultural and leisure activities of students at the municipal level (Stavropol). The essence and the content of cultural and leisure activities of students as a factor of their professional and personal development, formation of their active life and professional position have presented in the article at the theoretical level; the conditions for the development of organizational foundations of professionally oriented and cultural and leisure activities of students have been defined; interaction of the subjects of cultural and leisure activities of youth at the municipal level (Stavropol) has been analyzed; provisions for the optimization of the process of interdepartmental cooperation in the development of professionally-oriented cultural and leisure activities of students have been presented.

The implementation of new educational standards is focused on the transition from assessing students' cognitive indicators to assessing the level of the competence development, which is manifested in the need to develop a new control and evaluation system - a fund of assessment tools for the discipline (FAT). This circumstance has led to the formulation of the research problem: what is the mechanism for FAT design in the context of the implementation of federal higher education standards? The goal of the study is to substantiate methodological aspects of FAT design as a condition for the implementation of federal educational standards of higher education. During the study, the following methods were used: analysis, synthesis, analogy method, design method. The result of the presented research is the development of methodological aspects of the system of evaluation of educational results in the context of the implementation of the FSES HE, which provides for taking into account all the indicators obtained by a graduate in the process of passing the professional educational route (practical, cognitive, value-orientation and communication). Key conclusions: examples of materials of current control to assess the formation of competencies in the direction of training 43.03.02 Tourism have been proposed; criteria (scales) for assessing competence and levels of its formation in accordance with the form of control have been developed.

The article presents aspects of the concept of readiness for positive interaction between the subjects of the educational space of a substitute family. The article analyzes the views of researchers on the concept of “willingness to interact.” The structure of readiness for positive interaction, including motivational personality, cognitive and operational-effective components, is presented. The content of each of the structural components of readiness is presented. The article presents a detailed analysis of the subjects of an educational space: 1) parents, aimed at creating a foster (substitute) family; 2) orphans raised in boarding schools; 3) specialists working with substitute families. Considerable attention is paid to the model of formation of readiness for the positive interaction of subjects. The structure of the model combines the target, organizational, informative and effective blocks. Considerable attention is paid to the content and description of each block. The integration of the content of the marked blocks is aimed at the effectiveness of the model implementation. Special attention is paid to effective and inefficient interaction in a foster family. Reasons have been highlighted, characteristics have been given. Practical experience of testing the model of readiness for positive interaction between the subjects of the educational space of a foster family. The results of the study on the testing of a model based on an educational institution engaged in the targeted preparation of subjects of an educational space of a substitute family (for example, training of teachers, psychologists and other specialists working with substitute families) are presented.

The urgency of the problem of studying and implementing innovative experience in teaching a foreign language on the basis of content and language integration is due to the growing scale of integration processes in vocational education, the setting up of interaction mechanisms for education, science and production, increasing the range of opportunities in the field of academic mobility, finding the best ways to form a given set of competencies in the framework of training engineering staff in a university. Analysis of the results of vocational language training of students in the field of “Oil and gas engineering” (bachelor degree level) at the engineering faculty of a technological university reveals the need to develop a metasubject methodology of vocational language training implying the simultaneous formation of foreign language communicative skills and professional competencies, in accordance with the concept of interconnection, succession and integration of subjects and disciplines in the structure of vocational education. The goal of the study is to review and summarize the results of using the CLIL method of content language integrated learning in education and identify the range of possibilities for its integration into the system of multi-level education of engineers with the aim of achieving a new quality of engineering training. The method of selection, generalization and dissemination of advanced pedagogical experience is used. It’s been concluded that in the process of searching for methods, tools, forms and technologies of subject teaching, education and self-education in preparing students in the field of “Oil and gas engineering”, the methodology of subject-language integrated learning of a foreign language (CLIL) can be used as an alternative to traditional methods.

The relevance of the research is determined by the increasing importance of effective reading of foreign-language professional texts in the context of the modernization of higher education and informatization of society. The process of forming foreign professional competence of students in a technical university is associated with a number of problems. One of them is the lack of methods for reading foreign language professional texts that take into account psychological and pedagogical context of learning. The goal of the research is the psychological and pedagogical substantiation and development of methods of teaching reading foreign language professional texts. On the basis of the study of psychological and pedagogical literature on the research topic, the pedagogical work experience, a method of teaching reading foreign language professional texts has been developed, including a set of exercises and tasks taking into account psychological and pedagogical context of training, age characteristics and professional specificity of students in a technical university. The pedagogical experiment to identify the effectiveness of teaching methods of reading foreign language professional texts confirmed the research hypothesis. The efficiency of teaching methods for reading foreign-language professional texts has been proved, which improves the quality of reading professional texts. The practical use of the results of this study will help improve the effectiveness of teaching foreign languages in general and competence development in reading foreign language professional texts.

The results of the analysis of the interrelations of phenomena of mentality, language and cultural symbolism have been presented. In this series the language occupies a special place, since its structures are an indispensable component of the other two phenomena. The language, which serves as the basis of a symbolic component of mentality, reproduces cultural symbols and at the same time determines its content. Actually the ideal matter exists for a person, primarily in linguistic forms. Attention is paid to the interrelation of the concepts of “mentality”, “way of thinking”, which have come to our culture from the Western sociology, and the Russia specific concepts of “spirit”, “spirituality”. The interrelationship between the concepts of “mentality”, “cultural code” and “sociocode” has been considered. The aspect of taking into account the symbolic and sign nature of culture has been studied in detail. An attempt has been made to study the mentality in the transition to the coming information civilization with a network structure for organizing communications based on global computer networks. Trends in the field of cultural research associated with the emergence of such phenomena as information and intellectual culture, mosaic mass culture, elite culture, culture of virtual reality and identifying their relationship, interpenetration and interaction with folk spiritual culture have been denoted. Significant changes in mentality associated with the destruction of an integral sign system of culture under the influence of mass media and virtual reality have been assessed.

The article reveals the issues of sociology of leadership on the example of political leadership in modern Russian society. The need to consider the category of political leadership as a type of social institution has been grounded. The research methodology is based on the understanding of leadership as the ability of an individual to be the first to overcome stagnation in the life of social communities of different levels, leading the rest of the majority. The article reveals the essence of nominal and actual leadership, notes the significant role of the closest professional and personal environment of a leader, affirms that the influence of a nominal leader on the political situation is usually higher than the influence of so-called “grey cardinals”. The idea is emphasized that a political leader should not only indicate a goal and lead followers to it, but also form an idea of positive changes in the lives of specific people moving toward this goal. Professionalization as a high-quality academic and disciplinary training in humanitarian, economic and legal subjects is considered to be an important social basis for political leadership. The scientific novelty in the article is realized through the use of empirical material, reflecting the modern political realities of Russian political leadership.

The concept of a modern “regional university” is a key point in many discussions about the current hierarchy of higher education. The reforming of the higher education system entailed graduation of universities into federal, research, support and regional ones. Although, in our opinion, it is not quite legitimate to place regional universities in this classification, as well as a research and flagship university, in their main functions, can be regional universities. Considering the degree of interpenetration of two subsystems of a “region” and “university”, the article attempts to comprehensively analyze the mission of a “regional university”. The basis of the research methodology was the dialectical method and the historical approach. In the complex study of a university as a complex system, the main aspects of the synergetic theory were taken into account. Analyzing the sociocultural processes of development of a modern regional university, the authors rely on concepts formed in Philosophy, Cultural studies and Sociology. It’s been concluded that sociocultural changes that occur in the external environment entail synchronous transformations in university education, where an adaptive model is created that allows the university to maintain its traditional uniqueness for all modern challenges.

In modern Russian science the role of various social institutions in shaping the labor values and attitudes of the younger generation is not sufficiently considered. A sociological study conducted by the author in 2018 by distributing questioning among university students in Nizhny Novgorod and their parents considers a wide range of issues related to the influence of family on the formation of the labor orientations of modern youth. The objectives of the study include: a comparison of the structures of the basic values of two generations; implementation of a comparative analysis of values in the labor sphere, their place in the structure of basic values; identification of similarities and differences in work requirements for children and parents; analysis of the role of a family in professional self-determination of students; consideration of the mechanisms of influence of the older generation on the choice of a profession by young people. According to the results of the questioning, a complete coincidence of the structures of the basic values of two generations was established. The increasing influence of the family on the professional choice of young people was revealed. It was established that the content aspect of work was prior for modern students as well as for their parents. Material benefits from the job were more important for young people than for adults, as well as the aspect of job associated with personal self-realization. A social component of job is more important for parents more than for children. The results of the study suggest that at present the family still has a strong educational potential in terms of value system formation in younger generation, including the job sphere.

The article deals with the problems of ensuring access of Russian citizens to justice. The relevance of the research is conditioned by the difficulties and inconsistency of the development of the judicial system in modern Russia, the existence and reproduction of illegal practices, the need to develop strategies to ensure access of any citizen to justice. Modernization of the entire judicial system is ultimately intended to help build a legal and democratic state in Russia. The purpose of the study was to analyze the attitude of the population to the Russian judicial system, as well as to identify the factors of access to justice in modern Russian society. The object of the study is the domestic judicial system, the subject is the access of Russian citizens to justice. The authors have used the method of secondary data analysis, as well as the method of mass survey (questioning). The number of the stratified sample was 460 people. The study has shown that, despite the ongoing reforms of the domestic judicial system, obstacles and restrictions in access of Russians to justice remain, which together determine a high level of public distrust of the court as a social institution and as a tool for solving problems. The authors have highlighted objective and subjective factors of access of Russian citizens to justice, it’s been concluded that ensuring the independence of courts and access of citizens to justice is associated with such social value as social justice.

Social and political attitudes characteristic of mass consciousness greatly influence the formation of interethnic harmony. Empirical data show the dominance of the statement about the inadmissibility of the use of violence in solving ethnic problems, although a significant proportion of respondents allow the use of violent actions in a situation of violation of the principles of justice for their people in different social spheres. The prevalence of the position in the mass consciousness characterizing the relations of the peoples of Dagestan as a desire to unite into a single, strong Dagestan nation is an evidence of positive changes taking place in the republic and having the potential for forming interethnic harmony. The principles of internationalism and friendship of peoples developed in the socialist period play a significant role in interethnic and interreligious tolerance formation in the mass consciousness of the Dagestan peoples. Moreover, it is necessary to take into account that the formation of inter-ethnic harmony in Dagestan has a long history due to its multi-ethnic and multi-religious nature. It has been established that the presence of intolerance in the Dagestani’s public consciousness, to one degree or another, is not at all the basis for the emergence of inter-ethnic confrontation and open ethnic conflict, although there is a ground for this, in particular, the unresolved issue of the territorial rehabilitation of the Chechen-Akkintsians, the problem of the ethnopolitical status of small Dagestan peoples, land reform, personnel issues, which together can destabilize the modern Dagestan society.