The history periodically introduces us to really brilliant people, who are, as a rule, not appreciated by contemporaries. M.M. Speransky can rightfully be considered such a genius. A brilliant student of the seminary, a responsible official, an executive forwarder and head of the office, became a victim of court intrigues. However, even after his exile and return, Speransky turned out to be useful to the court of Emperor Nicholas I.

The purpose of the research is to analyze the life and views of an outstanding politician of the first quarter of the 19th century, whose transformations were not appreciated in a timely manner, but

whose benefits are obvious at the present time. In the study the following methods have been used: the retrospective one allowing you to immerse yourself in the events of the past, the historical and
genetic method, revealing the specifics of M.M. Speransky’s views, and the chronological one. The results of the research consist in the study and analysis of M.M. Speransky ‘s life and political views as an ideological inspirer of state reforms. The conclusions made are: M. Speransky’s ideas were embodied in the future in the such well-known political institutions as the State Council, the bicameral parliament, the principle of separation of powers.

After the liberation of the countries of Asia and Africa from colonial and semi-colonial dependence in the second half of XX century, they faced a whole series of problems that required urgent solutions. One of these problems was the task of filling the declared sovereignty with real efforts to create capable, established states. Not all countries of the Afro-Asian region, even today, have managed to solve this problem. However, among the third world countries there are also quite a few states that have succeeded. India can be such an example.

A country with almost one and a half billion people, with a complex multi-confessional and multi-ethnic structure became the third largest economy in the world at the beginning of the 21st century. The purpose of the article is to clarify the prerequisites for the dynamic development of India since 1947 including civilizational ones, as well as to identify the main stages in the development of the Indian economy and its characteristic features, differences in economic development from other developing countries, and main problems and difficulties. The following methods of scientific research have been used in the research: a comparative-and historical one, periodization method, problem and chronological method, historical and genetic method, etc.

The relevance of the research problem is connected with the growing interest in the historical experience of national military construction, the performance of military duties by the citizens of the Russian Federation, as well as in the issues of development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation that have clearly emerged recently. Using the developments of domestic and foreign historiography, based on the analysis of archival and literary sources, ego-documents and materials of periodicals, some of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, using the principle of historicism, comparative historical, problem and chronological, biographical, descriptive methods, the process of national military construction and the introduction of military duty in Dagestan have studied within the designated chronological framework.

Taking into account the peculiarities associated with the adherence of the population of Dagestan to local traditions and norms of Islam, the multinational composition of the region, the level of its

social and economic, political and socio-cultural development, the historical aspect of the problem have been considered in the pre-revolutionary period, during the revolutionary events of 1917, the Civil War and intervention; the Soviet national military construction in 1920–1928 up to the first mandatory conscription of representatives of the peoples of Dagestan for active military service in the ranks of the Workers ‘and Peasants’ Red Army have been estimated. The main prospects for the further scientific development of the problem have been outlined, the results of which can be used in writing works on the history of the North Caucasus and Dagestan, preparing special courses for the humanitarian faculties of higher educational institutions, and in the practical work of state institutions and organizations.

The article discusses the events that took place in July 1887 in the Circassian aul of Khakurinokhabl during the implementation of the military reform in the Circassian aul societies of the Kuban region, which revealed the existence of a socio-political confrontation within the aul society. Great importance is attached to the study of specific events that took place in the Circassian aul societies of the Kuban region during the preparation of reforms that contribute to the complex process of strengthening the Russian influence and maintaining civil order in the Circassian aul societies.

The author uses a wide range of sources on the history of the Adyghs (Circassians), which include archival materials, suggesting a comprehensive coverage of historical facts on this issue.

The method of accumulation of factual material with subsequent analysis and obtaining the next, higher degree of generalization has been used. The principle of historicism plays an important role in the study of the problem, which has made it possible to consider the civil disturbances in the aul of Khakurinokhabl in dynamics from actual events in specific historical conditions in close connection with the administrative and socio-economic policy of the authorities to theoretical discussions about their causes and consequences.

The article consistently describes the events that took place during the riots in the aul of Khakurinokhabl, which has made it possible to identify the role of individual characters and claims

against the aul authorities put forward by part of the aul society. The author reveals the activities of the head of the Maikop district of the Kuban region to maintain order in the aul of Khakurinokhabl.

The author comes to the conclusion that in the course of the military reform in the Circassian aul communities of the Maikop district of the Kuban region, the Russian officials did not fully take into account the already existing historical experience of reforms among the Circassian population. Ignoring the interests of the most disadvantaged part of society by the old aul elites, pushed Circassian women, as guardians of the hearth and well-being of their families, to take active actions of protest together with men.

The modern rapidly developing world is filled with highly scientific technological discoveries, constantly improving technological equipment. The attention paid by society to the quality of human resources, their experience and knowledge, as well as high qualifications plays an important role. The era of information technology requires an appropriate approach and adaptation of the science personnel potential. This determines the relevance of the research and the importance of understanding and generalizing the Soviet experience in the training of scientific personnel. After all, the high level of training of scientific personnel and a strong scientific school in the Soviet state was the result of on-going qualitative reforms in the field of science and education. In this context, the creation and further activities of the Dagestan branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in which the training of scientific personnel began in 1946 is of undoubted scientific and practical interest. The determining factor for the development of Dagestan science was the creation of the Dagestan branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, designed to solve the most complex scientific problems. The branch was formed on the basis of the first institution of science in the Republic, the Dagestan Research Institute, opened back in 1924 in Makhachkala as an integrated, multidisciplinary research center, which took over the functions of organizing survey work in all areas. The main purpose of the research is to highlight various aspects of the training of scientific personnel and the involvement of women in science in 1950s, based on the analysis of a wide range of diverse sources and monographic studies. The article aims to show the formation of the scientific intelligentsia in the Republic and to celebrate the first mountain girls who got the opportunity to study in graduate school for further seeking the degree of Candidate and Doctor of science. Analyzing the available material, the author has come to the conclusion that in Dagestan, the training of scientific personnel among women until the 1950s was practically not carried out. In subsequent years the dynamics changes towards an increase in a number of girls among graduate students.

The article is devoted to the administrative policy of the Russian Empire in the Eastern Caucasus, namely in the Dagestan region in the 2nd half of the 19th – early 20th century. The issues of studying the relationship between the center and the regions of Russia on the basis of the historical past are becoming relevant today. They help to identify negative and positive aspects in the history of the relationship between the Russian state and the peoples of the Eastern Caucasus, allow an objective look at the past, learn lessons and experience at the present stage. The purpose of the research is to consider the process of Russia’s administrative policy in Dagestan after the Caucasian War, to characterize the positive and negative aspects of the policy pursued. During the research, the methods of comparative historical analysis, synthesis and generalization have been used, as well as the problem-chronological method, the principle of objectivity and historicism, which has made it possible to analyze various episodes and phenomena from a historical point of view.

The active inclusion of the territories of the Eastern Caucasus into the Russian Empire dates back to the beginning of the 19th century, when the first administrative systems of governance were cre

ated. In the 60–70s of 19th century they developed into a “military-people’s” system of government. The introduction of various management systems, the transition from one to another show the ability of the tsarist administration to adapt to local conditions, which led to a compromise between the in-terests of the tsarist government and the management of the mountain peoples.

The relevance of the research: the development of high-end manufacturing leads to an increase in the negative impact of man on the environment. So, today the issues of developing environmental consciousness in college students are relevant.

The problem statement: the negative impact of a person on the environment is increasing. However, the development of the ecological consciousness of students, awareness of the consequences of environmental impact is not at the proper level that is necessary in the transition of society to the sixth technological mode.

The purpose of the research is to prove that the formation of the cognitive activity of college students in the ecological aspect is a necessary condition for the development of the ecological consciousness of college students.

To solve the problem, the article considers such research methods as the analysis of pedagogical literature, observation, synthesis, generalization, considers the issues of practical application of methods on the example of classes in physical and mathematical disciplines and classes in Ecology.

The conclusions: The use of mechanisms for the formation of students’ ability to show initiative in problem-dialogical interaction in matters relating to environmental problems contributes to the development of students’ environmental consciousness, the growth of their responsibility for the effectiveness of their professional activities, and the impact on the ecosystem.

The relevance of the research is determined by the increasing importance of studying natural sciences and STEM subjects both in general and professional educational institutions, as well as the need to refer to the experience of building the educational process in Russia at the turn of the 19th –20th centuries.

The study of the content aspects of education and upbringing in pre-revolutionary Russia makes it possible to identify the priority tasks of the state policy in the field of education, to determine the place and role of the main academic disciplines in schools.

The purpose of the research is to study the features of teaching Natural Sciences and STEM subjects in primary educational institutions of the Ural region within the specified chronological framework. The research objectives are to study the content of the curricula of elementary schools in pre-revolutionary Russia (the case of the Urals) on the basis of predominantly archival materials and scientific literature, to show the place and role of Natural sciences and STEM subjects, the features of their teaching and the factors that increase their importance in the educational process.

The research methods are source study, historical and typological methods, comparative and historical methods. During the research, we have come to the following conclusions. Between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries there was a significant increase in the importance of studying the STEM subjects due to the dynamic economic growth of the country and the region we are considering, the strengthening of the applied nature of education in general, as well as the increased dependence of achieving success in life on the knowledge and skills acquired at school. In the primary educational institutions of the Ural region, there was a noticeable improvement in the methodological methods of teaching Natural sciences and STEM subjects. There was an active process of teaching children various crafts and agricultural work. In turn, the level of training and professional skills of teachers grew; there was a professional consolidation of teachers of primary and secondary educational institutions – teachers’ communities arose and various congresses and forums were held.

In modern Russian education the issues of forming a personality capable of being tolerant, ready for a dialogue of cultures, mastering the ways of the intercultural communication in the global information multicultural space are actively discussed. The relevance of studying on a multilingual basis is determined both by the global integration processes in different spheres of an individual’s life, and by the need to preserve national languages and cultures. A multilingual educational and developmental environment is an important condition for the development of communicative skills and cognitive abilities in children. The purpose of the research is to analyze the formation of communicative and social and cultural competence among pupils in the context of the introduction of a multilingual model of multicultural education in preschool educational institutions.

The working group of the BSPU named after M. Akmulla developed diagnostic materials that test the skills of speaking, listening, vocabulary in native and foreign languages, knowledge of national

traditions and realities. Preschoolers of multilingual groups of the Chuvash Republic took part in the diagnostic study. The analysis of the results of the level of formation of communicative and socio-cultural competencies allowed us to conclude that children have sufficient knowledge of lexical units on the topic “My family”, “Account”, “Animals”, are able to answer questions both in Chuvash and in English.

It should be noted that the level of formation of communicative and social and cultural competencies of preschoolers depends on the creation of an appropriate developing multilingual environment in a pre

school institution. The introduction of multilingual educational trajectories of learning allows students to form a civic identity, promotes the development of a tolerant attitude to linguistic and cultural diversity.

A foreign language is a compulsory subject in all universities of our country, since in the modern world specialists in various activity fields need to work with documentation in a foreign language, study relevant content on the Internet relevant to the profession, and interact with foreign colleagues. Therefore, the problem of the effectiveness of teaching a foreign language is relevant for future specialists in completely different areas of activity. The overwhelming majority of students of Russian universities belong to the age category of “students”, which is characterized by its own psychological characteristics. The object of the research are second-year students at the age of about 20, since it is at this age that the stage of maturation ends and the transition of personality to adulthood takes place. The success of mastering educational material is influenced by various individual characteristics, including character accentuations. A description of ways to remove such difficulties will improve the quality of teaching a foreign language and ensure the progress of all students.

The purpose of the research is to describe methodological techniques. Using them a teacher will be able to remove potential difficulties in the classroom and increase the effectiveness of the educational process in student groups learning a foreign language.

The research methods used are a theoretical analysis of scientific publications on the topic of research and monitoring of potential difficulties in the educational activities of students. In the process of teaching a foreign language to second-year students, several methodological techniques have been identified that make it possible to implement a differentiated approach in the classroom and achieve consistently high rates and positive grades at the end of the course.

According to the author of the article, the removal of potential difficulties contributes to the development of professional competencies by students in a foreign language, and also creates a situation of success in the classroom and helps to overcome difficulties in the learning process.

Pasha Galbinur is one of the poet who stands out for his creative talent, unique thinking and style in contemporary literature. The poet, who was formed in the hell of the literary and cultural environment of the 80s of the last century, rooted with all his potential in the awakening of the national spirit, has always become a problem of serious analysis at the level of supertemporality and transcendence. In general, the renewal that began in the 1960s is characterized by the mobility of different typologies, different models of the paradigmatic landscape, and new schemes for expressing memory codes in subsequent decades. Literary and theoretical thought followed the path of analyzing the general course of the process with all its aspects at different levels, trying to understand and clarify the essence from a rational and irrational point of view.

Relevance. Preparing students for teaching is a rather complex and difficult process, it is associated with many reasons, such as the unattractiveness (non-prestige) of a teacher’s profession for school graduates, the lack of competition for admission, the poor school preparation of first-year students, etc. These are just some of the reasons why it is quite difficult for many students to form and develop the motivation to master the profession in the real process.

Formulation of the problem. How to make the university training of a future teacher the most effective? What conditions are necessary for the students to treat learning activities as preparation for their future profession?

The purpose of the research is to determine the methodological ways and conditions for the formation of a value attitude towards one’s future profession.

The research methods used are theoretical analysis of the best practices for preparing students for a profession, a comprehensive pedagogical experiment.

The results. When students pass the technological scheme: Motivation – Theory – Modeling –Reflection – Theory – Training – Reflection – Correction – Activity – Reflection – the image “I am a future teacher”, there is an awareness of the importance of acquiring professional knowledge and skills, professional intentions are strengthened.

Key findings. A creative value approach is one of the ways to form positive motivation, understanding the importance and value of professional knowledge, skills and competencies. At the same time, special conditions for active learning activities are created, a student sees the results of work himself, begins to be critical of his actions, paving the way for creativity and creative activity.

The digital service has firmly entered all areas of social and economic activity, including education. The activity of a modern teacher in the digital educational environment is its integral component. The development of “digital citizenship” as a whole largely depends on the formation of the digital culture of a teacher as a translator of the ideas of the state educational policy. The relevance of considering the problem of digital culture formation among teachers is due to the following contradictions: between the increasing importance of a teacher in the process of digitalization of education and poor development of the content of its digital culture and its components as determinants of professional pedagogical activity in a digital educational environment; between the growth of digitalization of the educational process and the insufficient level of formation of digital culture among teachers. These contradictions form the basis of our research, the problem of which is to reveal the features of the digital culture of a modern teacher as a resource for his professional activity in the context of the digital transformation of the educational space.

The purpose of the research is to theoretically substantiate the essence and component composition of the digital culture of a modern teacher as a resource for his professional activities in a digital educational environment. This goal was achieved through the use of the following research methods: literature analysis, classification, modeling, description, ways of visualizing data in the form of figures and tables.

The results of the research: 1) the analysis of scientific sources has made it possible to determine the conceptual approaches to considering the problem of the digital culture of a teacher, which made it possible to accumulate information and develop a map of the component composition of a teacher’s digital culture; 2) the basic components of a teacher’s digital culture have been theoretically substantiated: digital literacy and motivational-value attitude; 3) a procedure for assessing the level of formation of a teacher’s digital culture has been proposed.

Key conclusions: 1) the map of the component composition of the digital culture of a teacher is an integrative information about the essence and composition of the digital culture of a teacher and includes the types of digital competence, their corresponding competencies, indicators and digital skills; 2) the basic components of a teacher’s digital culture are digital literacy and a motivationalvalue attitude, each of which is represented by indicators and digital skills corresponding to it; 3) the methodology for assessing the formation of a teacher’s digital culture includes a level scale and the calculation of an individual index of digital competence. The information contained in the article can be used as the basis for developing a program of advanced training courses and professional retraining of teachers aimed at creating a digital culture in the educational environment.

The coronavirus pandemic that has taken over the whole world has changed the vector of education from the traditional form of its organization to distance and hybrid, thus actualizing the demand for e-learning content. At the same time, the importance of introducing electronic content into the educational process at all levels of educational organizations is determined by the legislative practice of our country, which regulates the need to create a digital educational environment in educational institutions. An e-learning course is one of the examples of the introduction of e-learning content into the educational practice of universities. The research is focused on the substantiating the possibilities of an e-learning course as a new format for designing the educational process at a university in the context of the digital revolution, which is the problem of our study. The purpose of the research is to reveal the experience of designing the educational process in a university in elective disciplines in Physical culture and sports using an electronic training course. This goal was achieved through the use of such research methods as the bibliographic method, generalization, description, visual presentation of data.

The results of the research are the following 1) the concept of an e-learning course has been disclosed and its functions identified; 2) the elements of the e-learning course have been described; 3) a draft e-learning course on discipline B1.O.19 “Elective disciplines in Physical culture and sports” has been presented; 4) features of e-learning courses have been revealed.

Key conclusions: 1) an electronic training course is a media product containing information material within the framework of the curriculum of disciplines, designed to implement the didactic capabilities of information and communication technologies and support the educational process; the electronic training course performs managerial, stimulating, optimizing and communicative functions; 2) the main elements of the electronic training course are information-content, control-communicative, correctional-generalizing blocks; 3) the project of an electronic training course in the discipline B1.O.19 “Elective disciplines in Physical culture and sports” includes general information about the course, content, availability of hyperlinks to the material; 4) features of e-learning courses are: openness, multimedia, modularity, mobility, flexibility, the ability to build an individual educational trajectory for each student.

The relevance of the research lies in the fact that in modern conditions of the educational system, the question arises of overcoming stereotypes in the organization of the educational process in the disciplines of the humanities cycle, which include language disciplines. In this regard, there is a need to identify new approaches and techniques aimed at familiarizing students with language and literature as a special kind of art, spiritual culture and material code of the people that form the linguistic picture of the world of the nation.

The authors of the article adhere to the point of view that the solution to this problem is possible due to the provisions of Linguoculturology, the main object of which is the relationship between language and culture and the interpretation of this interaction.

The problem of the research is to determine the basis for the use of linguoculturological text analysis in the practice of teaching language disciplines.

The aim of the research is to describe theoretical and methodological foundations for the use of linguoculturological analysis of the text, aimed at analyzing the text as a phenomenon of the culture of people and the perception of cultural and ethnic information contained in the text, in the language sign, in the word.

The research methods include study and analysis of theoretical and methodological sources, experimental verification and generalization of the results obtained during the experiment.

As a result of the scientific research, the possibility of using linguoculturological analysis of a literary text in the practice of teaching language disciplines has been presented.

It has been experimentally revealed that the use of linguoculturological text analysis in the practice of teaching language disciplines allows you to see not only a meaningful and aesthetic picture of the whole text, but also to deeply and comprehensively comprehend the ethnic reality of the text with the help of language, expand the worldview and understanding of the world of students, generate interest in the cultural heritage of others peoples.

The article discusses the aspect of the influence of the chosen leadership style on the effectiveness of the activities of subordinates, taking into account the specifics of serving in the internal affairs bodies. The relevance of the research is based on the specifics of the managerial style used in the system of the administrative and power apparatus. The effectiveness of management in the internal affairs bodies is based on the simultaneous observance of two factors: the effectiveness of the activities of internal affairs officers and the preservation of hierarchy and accountability in the management system. The purpose of the article is to identify the influence of management style on the efficiency of the workforce of internal affairs officers. As research methods, such methods as classification, comparative analysis, analysis of scientific literature, survey, description were used. It has been found that the basis of effective leadership style management is a combination of management styles, which should change depending on the tasks facing employees in the short and long term. The key conclusions are that in the long run it is most advisable to use a democratic management style, while in the short term it is advisable to use an authoritarian approach to achieve the best results.

The article discusses the current problems of media consumption caused by the development of digital technologies, the media market and Internet communications. Using statistical and logical research methods, the article defines the features of media consumption and identifies factors influencing the perception of information by different age audiences. The theory of generations explains the heterogeneous process of information perception among audiences of different age groups, contributes to the establishment of effective communication. It has been concluded that representatives of the media business could create more in-demand information products that meet the needs of the audience of digital media resources based on the study of the value orientations of generations.

In recent years in Russia there has been a negative trend towards a deterioration in the health of the younger generation, which is associated not only with the influence of external factors, but also with the lack of widespread promotion of the values of a healthy lifestyle in our society, as well as with the undeveloped skills of maintaining and strengthening their own health among young people. The article presents the data of the author’s sociological study conducted among students of Nizhny Novgorod universities in December 2021 and devoted to the study of the gender characteristics of the attitude of modern student youth to the problem of health preservation and healthy lifestyle. Differences in assessments of the significance of factors influencing health, as well as in the behavioral practices of health preservation among boys and girls have been considered. The extensive empirical material illustrates the inconsistency between the general ideas of the younger generation about the importance of maintaining health and real behavior. It has been shown that both in theoretical assessments and in practice, girls are more inclined to “passive” forms and methods of health care, while for boys “active” methods are more preferable.

The article deals with the issue of handmade – a form of individual manual labor to create original applied or artistic products – as a resource of the social and cultural life of modern society. The relevance of the research is determined by the need for a person to have ways to show their uniqueness in the conditions of total mass production and social interactions. Based on the results of a sociological survey, the activity, motivational, psychological, economic and communication aspects of handmade have been clarified. The main conclusions of the research are the following: the possibilities of handicraft work in the utilitarian-applied and artistic-aesthetic fields of activity are most clearly manifested; handmade is a significant element for a large number of people in the organization of a positive communication space; in a mass society, needlework is a way of constructing and representing personal identity. The most significant function of handmade is the function of changing the type of activity in order to prevent emotional burnout in the conditions of concentrated information flows and the rapid pace of production and economic life.

The article provides a theoretical substantiation of the importance of considering professional sports as one of the factors of youth socialization. The influence of sports on the socialization of young people is the object of many scientific studies, but there are practically no comprehensive studies devoted to the influence of professional sports. Professional sport is a sphere of public life that has large amounts of funding and is highly popular among the population. Professional sport influences young people to varying degrees through sporting events, media coverage, online discussions, and etc. Based on the borrowed model of the structure of the socialization of an individual, the author describes the main directions of the influence of professional sports on young people. The research methods are a theoretical analysis of the scientific literature on the problem under study, as well as a secondary analysis of previously conducted sociological studies and statistical data. The conclusions made by the author are that the impact of professional sports on the socialization of young people consist in the spread of value orientations, meeting the need for affiliation and influencing career preferences. And also professional sports are revealed as a significant factor of socialization, which can have both positive and negative effects on young people, while the author notes the need for further research on this issue.