The article studies the features of the Albanian Labor Party policy regarding religions, which proclaimed its goal to build a society of “full atheism”. The Albanian communist regime declared the religion illegal and conducted a long campaign of oppression of Christian and Muslim believers imprisoning and sentencing clergymen to death and harassing their families. The relevance of the research has been determined by the fact that its study allows a deeper understanding of the features of the Albanian totalitarianism. The author identifies two main periods in the party anti-religious activity. At the first stage (1945-1967) an ideological campaign aimed at establishing a scientific and materialistic worldview in society was the main tool for overcoming the religious worldview. Within this campaign the Albanian Labor Party launched an extensive scientific and atheistic propaganda through the media, education, and art. At the second stage (1967-1990) the Albanian authorities launched an active campaign to completely eliminate religious beliefs and their vestiges, declared Albania the first atheistic country in the world, introducing a ban on religious faith in the Constitution and providing for sanctions, including criminal ones, for participation of people in religious ceremonies, keeping religious books, etc. The article analyzes the reasons that have determined the tough course in relation to faiths and defines the role of the party leader Enver Hodja in this process. The author has concluded that the anti-religious policy of the Albanian communists pursued two main goals: firstly, the formation of a new communist worldview based on scientific materialism. Secondly, it was one of the instruments of rallying society before the “external enemy”, since the leader of the ALP E. Hodja perceived all religions as “the law of foreign invaders”.

The development of the modern Russian state along the path of building a democratic legal society necessitates the analysis and use of the positive experience of previous decades. Considering this and relying on factual material, a significant part of which is being introduced for the first time into scientific circulation and studies affecting this scientific research problem, we have attempted for the first time ever in the Russian historiography to analyze political processes and changes in Dagestan in 1980-s in dynamics and in comparison with similar processes in the whole country. At the same time, the article pays special attention to showing the regional characteristics of political development, primarily its religious and national component on the basis of the principles of science, historicism, consistency and objectivity. The author characterized these processes and concluded that stagnation was clearly manifested in the multinational republic in the first half of the 1980-s, as well as in the country as a whole. In the second half of the decade regional authorities made significant efforts to move from administrative-command methods to democratic methods of managing sectors of the national economy and strengthen democratic trends in political development.

The relevance of studying English marine terminology is due to work with original materials as part of professional activities in negotiating with coast stations, port authorities and various services of foreign countries. One has to deal with a huge number of information units (IU) required in communication. The problem consists in a comparative consideration of the language terminological processes in professional maritime activities (PMA). The aim of the study is to motivate the study of language IU using computer support for the implementation of PMA in communication. The research methods include testing of experimental groups in training and control modes, using “STEP” computer training system; testing control groups using paper media. IMO standard phrases are the language basis of the test tasks. As a result of the scientific research the possibility of studying IU in a short period of time using a computer program in training and control modes has been presented. It has been experimentally revealed that computer support promotes the development of reflective personality traits through inducing self-assessment of the ability to rely on the IU studied and organizing one's own actions for their assimilation; comprehension and formation of one’s own attitude to IU and motivation for their study; forecasting mutual understanding in relations with a possible partner based on the material being studied; current self-organization of the sequence of actions of perception, reproduction and rethinking of IU and self-assessment of their assimilation. This leads to high motivation of the learning process in order to master professional activities.

The relevance of the research is due to the fact that teaching Latin is an integral part of a competent specialist’s training. The main goal of studying this subject at a university is to lay the foundations of the terminological competence of a future medical professional who is able to competently and consciously use medical terminology of Greek-Latin origin in both Russian and Latin spelling. An analysis of the results of the survey conducted at the Faculty of Dentistry has revealed the need to use techniques that can significantly increase the motivation of students to learn the Latin language. Weakened motivation or its absence affects negatively any human activity, including educational one. The interconnection of external and internal motives contributes to an understanding of the meaning of learning, awareness of the need to learn the Latin language, which in turn contributes to the formation of positive motivation. In the framework of this research, an attempt has been made to identify the most effective innovative methods of teaching the Latin language. Empirical, diagnostic methods and methods of mathematical statistics have been used. As a result of the study, it has been shown that the use of a variety of innovative methods helps to increase motivation to learn the Latin language and is an effective way to solve this problem.

The problem of finding ways to enhance the professional orientation of young people receiving their first higher education is actualized by the target setting of modern higher education for the training of qualified, mobile and competitive specialists, on the one hand, and the poor professional orientation of university, on the other hand. The authors adhere to the point of view that the formation of a professional orientation in the aggregate of its three main components (value, motivational and cognitive-reflective ones) must begin with the latter, because only on the basis of existing adequate knowledge of a profession a young man has the opportunity to compare them with his own needs and capabilities, which, in turn, becomes a material for the development of professional-value orientations and motivation for the development of a particular profession. The purpose of the article is to describe the results of an empirical study of the cognitive-reflective component of the professional orientation of agricultural students according to the results of two years of curator work with a group following the author's program for activating professional orientation. The study of the level of awareness of respondents about their future profession was carried out using the author's questionnaire "I am in the profession." The result of the study was a significant shift in the experimental group from a lower level to a higher one in all indicators of the studied component of the professional orientation, which confirms the positive experience of the academic curator.

In modern social and economic conditions for the functioning of Russian society, the process of life self-determination and professional socialization of students is of paramount importance. The fate, well-being and success of young people depend on a correctly chosen profession. The emerging difficulties of professional self-determination in students are due to insufficient internal preparedness for a conscious choice of a profession. In this regard, there is a need for social and vocational guidance for students to assist in choosing a profession. Formation of ideas about the “world of professions”, professional self-awareness of students at the initial stage of professional socialization rests with the shoulders of teachers. The teacher helps students clarify professional plans, manages professional self-determination of students. The goal of teacher’s activity in the professional self-determination of students is to form their inner readiness for a conscious choice of their future profession. Therefore, the teacher needs familiar knowledge about professions, skills of professional formation and upbringing, the ability to provide assistance in professional self-determination. Consequently, there is a need to prepare Bachelors of Pedagogy for career guidance work with students. Mastering of forms, methods of career guidance, knowledge about the age characteristics by students, as well as possession of various methods for diagnosing personal characteristics of students and the ability, taking into account the identified prevailing interests, inclinations, abilities, persistent characterological qualities, to assist the individual in choosing a profession, to conduct individual consultations will help solve the problem of professional self-determination and professional socialization of students.

At present, vocational guidance and career development are the most important aspects of training qualified personnel ready to work in modern conditions. In this regard, the issue of studying the best world practices becomes relevant. Changing the economic model of the People's Republic of China leads to the process of reforming the secondary vocational education system (SVE), the search for ways to train qualified personnel more effectively. The purpose of the research is to study the experience of the secondary vocational education system of the PRChina in the field of career guidance. The research problem is the need to identify and analyze merits and demerits of vocational guidance and career development in the cultural vocational education and training system of China in order to assess borrowing of best practices and increase the efficiency of qualified personnel training in Russia. The research methods used are study and analysis of the regulatory framework, scientific literature, transcripts, direct acquaintance with the system of training mid-level specialists in the field of Chinese culture and a comparative analysis of materials. The article highlights the factors affecting the reform of the SVE system in China, and the features that determine the vector of development of this level of training for the development of socio-economic and political life of the country. According to the results of the study, we can conclude that the system of career guidance and career development is based on a solid political and ideological foundation. There are special services for career guidance and career development in educational institutions, the curriculum contains relevant disciplines. The most important principle of a specialist training is formation of social responsibility in his mind.

The subject of pedagogical discourse in recent years is the rationale for the development and implementation of an effective testing and assessment procedure for evaluating the students' competencies in the educational process of training scientific and pedagogical personnel in post graduate training programs. This is due to the integration of Russia into a single European educational space and implementation of a competency-based approach to education. The research problem consists in developing a testing and assessment procedure for assessing the formation of students' competencies in highly qualified personnel training. The aim of the research is to analyze and generalize the experience of modeling the fund of assessment tools for post graduate students of FSBEI HE “Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism”. Methods of analysis, synthesis, analogy, generalization, modeling have been used in the research. The results of the study consist in analyzing the types, component composition and content of the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel used postgraduate training programs, funds of assessment tools, the requirements for their development and testing and assessment materials, as well as the examination procedure. Key findings: fundamental didactic principles underlying the development of the FAT have been described, examples of the assessment and criteria scale and the parameters of the expert evaluation of the FAT of the discipline have been given. The materials of the article can be used as the basis for the development of funds of assessment tools and can be applied in the practice of other higher educational institutions.

The relevance of the research is due to the need to modernize mathematical training of schoolchildren in line with the key trends in the development of education: globalization, digitalization and population aging. Conceptual ideas ensuring the development of modern mathematical theories have been identified on the basis of the analysis, and a set of key elements that make up the base of modern mathematics have been presented: structures, properties, actions, abstractions, relationships, behavior and alternatives. The research problem is to determine the foundations of designing a system of mathematical education, focused on students gaining a broad understanding of mathematics as a cultural phenomenon, a language of science and a set of tools for real life. The purpose of the study is to describe ways to modernize the mathematical preparation of schoolchildren in the mainstream of digitalization and the practical orientation of education. In the research process the following methods have been used: study and analysis of literary sources, theoretical modeling and design. One of the most significant manifestations of the digitalization trend in mathematical education is the use of interactive geometric environments. Their technical and methodological capabilities make it possible to organize the process of teaching mathematics on the basis of a research approach, which is expressed in students independently putting forward hypotheses in the process of experimenting with geometric objects created in an interactive geometric environment. The necessity of including mathematical literacy as one of its important results in the mathematical preparation of schoolchildren has been justified. The necessary changes in the content of mathematical training have been determined by creating a system of special, competency-based tasks.

The article is devoted to studying the features of the implementation of project-based learning technology in the educational process of a university. Due to structural changes in the global economy, modern employers are making new demands on the professional competencies of employees. Therefore, the system of higher professional education is faced with the task of training highly qualified specialists. Such training in modern conditions requires the introduction of new educational technologies, such as project-based learning technology, in the educational process of universities. The authors focus on the essence of project training, determine the approaches for its application. The experience of applying project-based learning on the example of a university is also described. The relevance of the research is characterized by the fact that the transition of the Russian education to new generation standards requires the introduction of new technologies in the educational process of a university based on a competency-based approach. The aim of the research is to study the features of the implementation of project-based learning technology in the educational process of a university. The main research method is system analysis. It is concluded that the implementation of project-based learning technology is a complex of educational, cognitive, research, professional labor, communicative activities aimed at the formation of professional competencies of a student through project-based learning. The authors’ definition of the concept of “Technology of project training at a university” is proposed.

The modern educational environment of higher education depends directly on information technologies, which is determined by the federal educational standards of higher education of the last generation. This fact is largely connected with integrative processes in education, as well as with global trends in the genesis of the information-educational environment of modern society. The research problem lies in the theoretical analysis of the category of “the electronic information and educational environment” and identification of its structural components and purpose. The purpose of the research is to reveal the essence of the electronic information and educational environment of a modern university, its structure and experience in the use of educational institutions of higher education. The research methods used are analysis, synthesis, generalization. The research results: a theoretical review of the definition of “electronic information and educational environment” in modern pedagogical research; the structural components of the electronic educational information environment of a modern university have been identified; examples of the use of the electronic educational information environment of a modern university in the practice of higher education institutions have been disclosed. The results of the experimental work on the impact of the electronic information and educational environment on improving the quality of the educational process have been presented. Key findings: the electronic information and educational environment is positioned among the most important elements for achieving a new level of education quality, incorporating software and hardware for the implementation of educational standards for mastering learning competencies in educational programs. The materials of the article can be used in the study of the issue, as well as in the practical activities of higher educational institutions.

Foreign professional competence is one of the most important ones due to the modern requirements for technical university graduates. The contradiction between the demand for specialists who speak a foreign language at a professional level and the insufficiently developed methodology for the formation of a foreign professional competence caused the problem related to the peculiarities of teaching a foreign language in a technical university. The purpose of the research is to consider the content and language integrated learning (CLIL) method and to identify elements of the method that correlate with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education. In the course of the research the scientific literature on the stated topic has been analyzed, the activities of foreign language teachers and students have been monitored, and the results have been compared. The object of the research is the process of teaching a foreign language at a technical university. The subject of the research is the methodology for the formation of a foreign professional competence. The author adapts David Marsh’s CLIL technology for studying school subjects in the foreign language to the conditions of teaching a foreign language at a technical university. The principle of equal integration of a Foreign language and discipline of specialty is modified with priority in the direction of the linguistic component. Particular attention in the developed system is given to textual activity. As a result of the research the principles of application of this technology in teaching a foreign language for special purposes have been developed; the requirements for working with foreign language professional texts have been justified; the hypothesis about the effectiveness of CLIL-technology has been empirically confirmed. Application of the proposed modification of CLIL-technology in teaching a foreign language in a technical university will help to optimize the process of formation of foreign professional competence (FPC) of students.

The issue of the effect of cinema therapy on children with mental disabilities is relevant for modern sociological and psychological theory and practice. The scientific problem consists in the contradiction between the needs of social practice in applying effective social and psychological technologies in working with children with mental disabilities, on the one hand, and the lack of development of methodological and technological foundations for helping such minors, on the other. The aim of the study is to analyze various approaches, theories and concepts of cinema therapy, which could be applied in working with children with mental disorders. The methods used are the following: a comparative method; a comparative and historical method; a comprehensive analysis; synthesis; systematization; typologization. The results of the research showed that B. Wooder’s scientific concepts (getting rid of emotional problems through the use of specially selected feature films realized in specific film genres) and A. Meneghetti’s concepts (cinema therapy is deciphering figurative messages of film production and the implementation of adequate self-esteem, extraction and consolidation of the information received as a lesson) were the most universal for the introduction into socio-psychological practice. However, the use of these concepts places high demands on a cinema therapist, motivating him to constantly improve his own practice and to take into account the type of mental deviations.

The article discusses the problems of forming an active life and civic position of students. The relevance of the research is growing in connection with the transformation of the mechanisms of socialization of the young generation in the information environment, especially in the network space. This requires a systematic and consistent analysis and provision of measures to stimulate the social activity of youth. The purpose of the study is to justify the directions of development of civic and educational activity of students. The object of the study is social activity, the subject is the types of social activity of students. A sociological analysis of the problem has been carried out by the questionnaire survey method (N = 367 students of schools, technical schools and universities). The obtained results allowed the authors to identify the types of social activity among students of schools, technical schools and universities. Differences in attitudes and behavior became the basis for the use of an integrated approach to stimulating achievement priorities and creating an active life position of youth.

Modern society is faced with a number of potentially new risks, the opposition to which actualizes the need for a personality possessing intellectual and spiritual qualities, united in the concept of “human capital”. The work is based on interdisciplinary, sociocultural and activity approaches. The question of the significance of a number of personality characteristics for social development was developed thoroughly in the works of philosophers and sociologists for more than a century, but remains relevant only at the theoretical level for a tiny number of people. In the real life of society these characteristics are rarely realized. The ideal created by the intellectual elite is not shared by the majority of the population. The significance of the concept of “human capital” is due to the fact that it focuses on bridging the gap between the theoretical concepts and real social practices, since this gap creates risks for both individual communities and humanity as a whole. The intellectual component of human capital includes knowledge of social processes, operational capabilities of thinking, which are getting more complicated from era to era. The spiritual component is meaningfully filled with humanistic values, an understanding of the interconnectedness and interdependence of individuals and their communities, the need for socially responsible actions.

The subject of the research is establishing a new technical university in the city of Maykop, the Republic of Adygea in difficult socio-political and socio-economic conditions of the transition period in the history of Russia in the 1990s. The authors reliably describe events and specific managerial decisions during the implementation of the idea of creating a new university on the basis of three technical schools. The criterion of reliability is the fact that one of the authors was the main initiator of this idea and the direct executor. The interdisciplinary nature of the study led to a comprehensive method that combined the historical approach, the methodology of management sociology, the research apparatus of the sociology of education as an integral part of the sociology of culture, and the autobiographical method based on the personal memories of the authors. Scientific novelty lies in the choice of the object of the research - Maykop State Technological University. The main conclusions of the are the following: it is easier to implement plans for the reorganization of any social sphere when crisis situations have ripened in society and the majority of the population have a desire for change; the success of the business should be facilitated to a large extent by the presence of a strong leader who would rationally combine personal career ambitions with an unconditional desire to benefit the country and the region. To implement a social project and to create a new university in the region, it was necessary to have an objective need for training local specialists. An important factor in the success of the project is the ability of the leader to withstand the inevitable opposition of competitors in the field of the existing educational sector and passivity of managers who do not understand the need for innovation.

The article considers the problems of forming life strategies in young men using the results of empirical data analysis. The relevance of the scientific research is due, on the one hand, to demographic processes, which are associated, inter alia, with high mortality of men, and, on the other, to the crisis of masculinity and the transformation of masculinity in modern society, which have entailed the problems of role-based self-identification and self-realization of men. The purpose of the research is to analyze the features of the formation of life strategies of young men as social actors in modern Russian society. The objects of the research are young men as social actors in modern Russian society, the subject is features of the formation of life strategies of young men. The author used the method of mass survey (questionnaire). The sample size was 150 people, including 55% of men living in St. Petersburg, 45% - in the city of Orel, aged 18 to 35 years. The research has showed that the level of education has little effect on the choice of life strategies for young men. Petersburgers, as well as men in Orel, actively choose two models of life strategies - models of activity-risk and consumer orientations. The author notes that in modern Russian society the choice of life guidelines, goals and strategies remains difficult, but, nevertheless, it is independent and exclusively personal affair of every young man. Young men often do not have sufficient grounds for a rational choice and development of a life strategy as a holistic matter when they face the chaotic activity of various institutional structures.

The values of youth are formed in the conditions of transitivity of modern society, which makes it necessary to pay attention to this problem constantly. The article considers the theoretical and methodological approaches proposed by the classics of Sociology, such as T. Parsons, R. Merton, W. Thomas and F. Znanetsky, E. Durkheim, M. Weber, P. Sorokin, K. Mannheim, R. Inglehart. The concept of “value” is a multidisciplinary one. A sociological approach to this problem involves the study of values and value orientations as components of the social system, which are fundamental elements of culture and act as a mechanism of social regulation. The authors conclude that values are supra-individual, assimilated from the outside, then internalized in the process of socialization and become internal attitudes of a personality. The values acquired in youth hood often remain unchanged throughout life. The ability to exist within the framework of a system of attitudes formed by the society is an important condition for adaptation in it. The relative, concrete historical nature of value orientations, as well as their socio-economic conditionality, are emphasized. The findings are of methodological significance for the analysis of the value world of a younger generation.